Remote Bridging with IP Tunnels mini-HOWTO

Alexander Alekseev

alex@zapad.msk.ru

yomoyomo - 擔杮岅栿

ymgrtq@ma.neweb.ne.jp

v1.0, May 12, 2002

Revision History                                                       
Revision 1.0            2002-05-12          Revised by: aa             
first release                                                          

偙偺暥彂偼丄2偮偺撈棫偟偨僀乕僒僱僢僩 LAN 偺娫偵 IP 僩儞僱儖傪挘傝丄偦
傟傜傪寢崌偡傞曽朄傪夝愢偡傞傕偺偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

Table of Contents
1. 偳偺傛偆偵摦嶌偡傞偐?
   
    1.1. 2偮偺 LAN 娫偺僀乕僒僱僢僩僩儔僼傿僢僋傪 IP 偱僽儕僢僕儞僌
    1.2. 懠偺僾儘僩僐儖偼偳偆偱偟傚偆?
   
2. Copyright
   
    2.1. GNU Free Documentation License
    2.2. PREAMBLE
    2.3. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
    2.4. VERBATIM COPYING
    2.5. COPYING IN QUANTITY
    2.6. MODIFICATIONS
    2.7. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
    2.8. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
    2.9. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
    2.10. TRANSLATION
    2.11. TERMINATION
    2.12. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
    2.13. How to use this License for your documents
   
3. 擔杮岅栿偵偮偄偰

1. 偳偺傛偆偵摦嶌偡傞偐?

2偮偺僀乕僒僱僢僩 LAN 偑偲傕偵僀儞僞乕僱僢僩偵愙懕偟偰偄傟偽丄 LAN 娫偺
僩儔僼傿僢僋傪摟夁揑偵僽儕僢僕偟偰僀乕僒僱僢僩 LAN 傪寢崌偱偒傑偡丅

"杮暔偺"僽儕僢僕儞僌傪峴偊傞傢偗偱偼側偔丄Linux 偑儖乕僥傿儞僌偱偒傞戞
嶰憌偺僾儘僩僐儖傪僽儕僢僕偡傞偙偲偟偐偱偒傑偣傫偑丄偙傟偱僀乕僒僱僢僩
偺僩儔僼傿僢僋偑僽儕僢僕偝傟偰偄傞傛偆偵尒偊傑偡丅 2偮偺僀乕僒僱僢僩僽
儕僢僕偵傛傝丄IP 傗 IPX 偺僩儔僼傿僢僋傪僽儕僢僕偱偒傑偡丅偦傟埲奜偺戞
嶰憌僾儘僩僐儖偵娭偟偰偼丄撈棫偟偨 LAN 娫偺僩儔僼傿僢僋傪摟夁揑偵僽儕僢
僕偡傞偙偲偼偱偒傑偣傫丅懠偺僾儘僩僐儖傪僽儕僢僕偱偒傞偐偳偆偐敾抐偡傞
偵偼丄偙偺暥彂偺巆傝傪撉傫偱偔偩偝偄丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

1.1. 2偮偺 LAN 娫偺僀乕僒僱僢僩僩儔僼傿僢僋傪 IP 偱僽儕僢僕儞僌

埲壓偺娐嫬傪憐掕偟傑偡:
劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
劆PC1   (192.168.0.1  /24)--|                                         劆
劆PC3   (192.168.0.3  /24)--|                                         劆
劆PC5   (192.168.0.5  /24)--|--[ eth0 - bridge_1 - eth1 (195.0.0.1) ] 劆
劆                                                                    劆
劆PC253 (192.168.0.253/24)--|                                         劆
劆                                         | (192.168.0.2  /24) PC2   劆
劆                                         | (192.168.0.4  /24) PC4   劆
劆[ (192.0.0.1) eth1 - bridge_2 - eth0 ] --| (192.168.0.6  /24) PC6   劆
劆                                                                    劆
劆                                         | (192.168.0.254/24) PC254 劆
劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊

bridge_1 偲 bridge_2 偑 Linux 僽儕僢僕偱丄偦傟傜偼僀儞僞乕僱僢僩僀儞僞
僼僃乕僗偱偁傞 eth1 偱奜晹愙懕偟偰偄傑偡丅傛偭偰 195.0.0.1 偲 192.0.0.1
偼丄ISP 偐傜梌偊傜傟偨桳岠側僀儞僞乕僱僢僩傾僪儗僗側傜壗偱傕偐傑偄傑偣
傫丅

偱偼丄埲壓偺偙偲傪峴偄傑偡:

 1. 僇乕僱儖 2.2 傕偟偔偼 2.4 偺擖偭偨 Linux 儅僔儞傪2戜梡堄偟偰偔偩偝
    偄丅僇乕僱儖傪僐儞僷僀儖偡傞嵺偵 PPP 偲 Advanced Router 傪桳岠偵偟
    傑偡丅傑偨丄iproute2 僷僢働乕僕傪揔愗偵僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞昁梫傕偁傝傑
    偡丅iproute2 偵娭偡傞忣曬偼丄僇乕僱儖偺 Configure.help 偵偍偗傞
    Advanced Router 偺崁栚偺僐儊儞僩偵偁傝傑偡丅偝傜偵埲壓偺儐乕僥傿儕
    僥傿傕昁梫偱偡:
   
     仩 pppd (PPP 僨乕儌儞) - ftp://cs.anu.edu.au/pub/software/ppp/
       
     仩 PopTop (PPTP 僒乕僶) - http://poptop.lineo.com <http://
        poptop.lineo.com/>
       
     仩 PPTP (C.S. Ananian 嶌偺 Linux PPTP 僋儔僀傾儞僩) - http://
        www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~cananian/Projects/PPTP/
       
     仩 tarpd (扨弮側僾儘僋僔 ARP 僨乕儌儞) - htp://www.cs.hut.fi/
        ~tricky/utils/net/tarpd-1.6.tar.gz <http://www.cs.hut.fi/
        ~tricky/utils/net/tarpd-1.6.tar.gz>
       
    埲忋偺僜僼僩僂僃傾偼 http://www.freshmeat.net 偱傕尒偮偗傜傟傑偡丅
   
    MS Chap 偲 MS Encryption (MPPE) 傪峴偄偨偗傟偽丄pppd 偲僇乕僱儖偵摿
    暿側僷僢僠偑昁梫偱偁傞偙偲傪壇偊偰偍偄偰偔偩偝偄丅僷僢僠偺擖庤偲僀
    儞僗僩乕儖曽朄偵偮偄偰偺夝愢偼丄 PoPTop 偺儅僯儏傾儖傪嶲徠偔偩偝偄
    丅
   
 2. 儖乕僞傪僀儞僞乕僱僢僩偵愙懕偡傞偐丄偝傕側偔偽 IP 埲奜偺僾儘僩僐儖
    偱側偗傟偽偳傫側僾儘僩僐儖偱傕偄偄偱偡偐傜丄擇揰娫偺捠怣傪妋棫偟偰
    偔偩偝偄丅
   
 3. 擇揰娫偵 PPTP 僩儞僱儖傪挘偭偰偔偩偝偄丅PoPToP (僒乕僶懁)傗 pptp
    (僋儔僀傾儞僩懁)偺儅僯儏傾儖偵愝掕椺偑偁傝傑偡丅
   
 4. 偙偙傑偱偱2偮偺僽儕僢僕偺娫偵 IP 僩儞僱儖偑挘傟偨偼偢偱偡丅埫崋壔偝
    傟偰偄傞偙偲傕偁傞偱偟傚偆 (PPP 偺儅僯儏傾儖傪嶲徠)丅僽儕僢僕儞僌偺
    愝掕傪峴偄傑偟傚偆丅
   
 5. 偙偙偱偺僽儕僢僕偼幚嵺偵偼儖乕僞側偺偱丄僽儕僢僕忋偱埲壓偺僐儅儞僪
    傪憱傜偣傞昁梫偑偁傞偙偲傪偍朰傟側偔(bridge_1 偲 bridge_2 傪丄僽儕
    僢僕娫偺 PPTP 僩儞僱儖偺偦傟偧傟偺廔抂偵妱傝摉偰傜傟偨 IP 傾僪儗僗
    偩偲壖掕):
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.2 via bridge_2     劆
    劆     bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.4 via bridge_2     劆
    劆     bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.6 via bridge_2     劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆     bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.254 via bridge_2   劆
    劆     bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.255 via bridge_2   劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    傕偆曅懁偱偼埲壓偺僐儅儞僪傪幚峴偟傑偡:
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.1 via bridge_1     劆
    劆     bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.3 via bridge_1     劆
    劆     bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.5 via bridge_1     劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆     bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.253 via bridge_1   劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    偙偆偟偰奺僽儕僢僕偵丄偳偺抂枛偑憡庤懁偵偄傞偺偐傪巜掕偟傑偡丅愄側
    偑傜偺 route 僐儅儞僪偱傕摨偠偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅埲壓偺傛偆側姶偠偱偡:
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.2 gw bridge_2   劆
    劆     bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.4 gw bridge_2   劆
    劆     bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.6 gw bridge_2   劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆     bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.254 gw bridge_2 劆
    劆     bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.255 gw bridge_2 劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    傕偆曅懁偱偼埲壓偺僐儅儞僪傪幚峴偟傑偡:
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.1 gw bridge_1   劆
    劆     bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.3 gw bridge_1   劆
    劆     bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.5 gw bridge_1   劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆     bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.253 gw bridge_1 劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    傕偆堦搙拲堄偟偰偍偒傑偡偑丄 bridge_1 偲 bridge_2 偼 ISP 偐傜晅梌偝
    傟偨 IP 傾僪儗僗偱偼側偔丄偁側偨偑 PPTP 僩儞僱儖偺奺廔抂偵妱傝摉偰
    偨 IP 傾僪儗僗偱偡丅
   
 6. 偙傟偱僽儕僢僕偑2偮偱偒丄偄偢傟偺僽儕僢僕傕摿掕偺 IP 傾僪儗僗偑偁傞
    応強傪攃埇偟偰偄傑偡丅偟偐偟丄儕儌乕僩僱僢僩儚乕僋埗偰偺僩儔僼傿僢
    僋傪儘乕僇儖偺僽儕僢僕偵憲怣偡傞傛偆僐儞僺儏乕僞偵巜掕偡傞偵偼偳偆
    偡傟偽傛偄偱偟傚偆丅偦偺応崌 tarpd 偑昁梫偵側傝傑偡丅
   
    tarpd 偼旕忢偵僔儞僾儖側僨乕儌儞偱偁傝丄摿掕偺 IP 傾僪儗僗埗偰偺
    ARP 儕僋僄僗僩偵墳摎偟傑偡丅奺僽儕僢僕忋偱 tarpd 傪憱傜偣丄憡庤懁偺
    抂枛偵妱傝摉偰傜傟偨 IP 傾僪儗僗偺儕僗僩傪巜掕偡傞偩偗偱傛偄偱偡丅
   
    椺偊偽丄忋偵帵偟偨擇偮偺僽儕僢僕偺応崌丄埲壓傪幚峴偟傑偡:
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_1$tarpd eth0 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.255  \ 劆
    劆                         192.168.0.4 255.255.255.255  \ 劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆                         192.168.0.254 255.255.255.255  劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    傕偆曅懁偱偼埲壓偺僐儅儞僪傪幚峴偟傑偡:
   
    劇劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
    劆     bridge_2$tarpd eth0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255  \ 劆
    劆                         192.168.0.3 255.255.255.255  \ 劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劆                         192.168.0.253 255.255.255.255  劆
    劆                                                        劆
    劋劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
   
    奺僽儕僢僕偵儕儌乕僩愝掕傪128慻峴偄傑偡(IP傾僪儗僗偲儅僗僋傾僪儗僗
    丅 tarped 傪崿棎偝偣側偄傛偆偵丄儅僗僋傾僪儗僗偼 255.255.255.255 偵
    偡傋偒!)丅
   
 7. 捠怣偑僽儕僢僕偝傟傞偺傪偍妝偟傒偔偩偝偄!
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

1.2. 懠偺僾儘僩僐儖偼偳偆偱偟傚偆?

幚偺偲偙傠丄懠偺僾儘僩僐儖偺儖乕僥傿儞僌偵偮偄偰偼壗傕尵偊傑偣傫丅巹偼
棙梡偟偨偙偲偑側偄偺偱偡丅偟偐偟丄懠偺僾儘僩僐儖偵惛捠偟偰偄傟偽丄偙偺
暥彂偱帵偟偨傛偆偵僽儕僢僕偡傞偙偲偼擄偟偔偼側偄偼偢偩偲巚偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2. Copyright

Copyright 2002 Alexander Alekseev

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

(擔杮岅栿)偙偺暥彂偺暋惢丄攝晍丄廋惓偼丄Free Software Foundation 偵傛傝
岞奐偝傟偰偄傞丄GNU Free Documentation License 僶乕僕儑儞 1.1丄傕偟偔偼
偦傟埲崀偺僶乕僕儑儞偺尦偱嫋壜偝傟傑偡丅偨偩偟丄偙偺暥彂偵偼 GFDL 偱婯
掕偝傟偰偄傞乽曄峏晄壜晹暘乿偼偁傝傑偣傫偟丄傑偨昞巻僥僉僗僩傗棤昞巻僥
僉僗僩側偳傕偁傝傑偣傫丅偙偺儔僀僙儞僗偺僐僺乕偼丄"GNU Free
Documentation License" 偲偄偆僞僀僩儖偺僙僋僔儑儞偵廂榐偝傟偰偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.1. GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.1, March 2000

    Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
    Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
    and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
    changing it is not allowed.
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.2. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.3. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
"you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript,
PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.4. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.5. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.6. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
    of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
   
 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
    the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
    five).
   
 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
    Version, as the publisher.
   
 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
   
 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
    to the other copyright notices.
   
 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
   
 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
    Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
    notice.
   
 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
   
 I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
    it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
    there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
    Version as stated in the previous sentence.
   
 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
    it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
    may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
    four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher
    of the version it refers to gives permission.
   
 K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
    preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
    substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/
    or dedications given therein.
   
 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
    their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
    are not considered part of the section titles.
   
 M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
    be included in the Modified Version.
   
 N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
    conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
   
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.7. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
"Endorsements."

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.8. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.9. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.10. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
provided that you also include the original English version of this
License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original English version of this License, the original English version
will prevail.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.11. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.12. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.13. How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
    distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
    Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
    published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
    Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
    LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
    license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
    License".
   
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3. 擔杮岅栿偵偮偄偰

擔杮岅栿偼 Linux Japanese FAQ Project 偑峴偄傑偟偨丅東栿偵娭偡傞偛堄尒
偼 JF 僾儘僕僃僋僩 <JF@linux.or.jp> 埗偵楢棈偟偰偔偩偝偄丅

v1.0j

東栿:
   
    yomoyomo <ymgrtq@ma.neweb.ne.jp>
   
峑惓(50壒弴):
   
     仩 拞栰晲梇偝傫 <nakano@surf.ap.seikei.ac.jp>
       
     仩 悈尨暥偝傫 <mizuhara@acm.org>
       
     仩 嶳壓媊擵偝傫 <dica@eurus.dti.ne.jp>
       
