MS-DOS 儐乕僓偺偨傔偺 Linux 偺婎慴抦幆

偄偪偵

1994/08/27

杮峞偱偼丄MS-DOS 偲丄Linux 偲偄偆 UNIX 偲偺堘偄偵拝栚偟丄昁恵偲巚傢傟傞
抦幆偵偮偄偰夝愢偟偰偄傑偡丅

    Note: 偙偺暥彂偼偐側傝埲慜偵彂偐傟偨傕偺側偺偱丄偄傑偳偒偺 Linux 娐
    嫬偵偼偁偰偼傑傜側偄売強偑偁傝傑偡丅 (JF Project)
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

Table of Contents
1. 偼偠傔偵
2. 僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵
   
    2.1. 僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵
    2.2. 夡偟偰偟傑偆慜偵
    2.3. 暥嬪傪尵偆慜偵
    2.4. 幙栤傪偡傞慜偵
   
3. 婎杮梡岅
   
    3.1. 僶僢僋僗儔僢僔儏偲僗儔僢僔儏
    3.2. COMMAND.COM 偲僔僃儖
    3.3. 僶僢僠偲僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩
    3.4. AUTOEXEC.BAT 偲/etc/rc
    3.5. CONFIG.SYS 偲僇乕僱儖嵞峔抸
   
4. 巇條偺嵎堎
   
    4.1. 僪儔僀僽柤偲僷僗柤
    4.2. 婎杮僐儅儞僪
    4.3. 僼傽僀儖柤
    4.4. 儚僀儖僪僇乕僪
   
5. 摿桳偺梡岅
   
    5.1. 儘僌僀儞偲儘僌傾僂僩
    5.2. 儐乕僓儗儀儖
    5.3. 僗乕僷乕儐乕僓
    5.4. 儂乕儉
    5.5. 僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋
    5.6. 僷乕儈僢僔儑儞
    5.7. 僾儘僙僗偲僕儑僽
    5.8. 僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉
    5.9. 摿庩僼傽僀儖
    5.10. 儅僂儞僩
    5.11. 嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕
   
6. 塣梡忋偺僲僂僴僂
   
    6.1. 偁傞偼偢偺僼傽僀儖偑側偄帪
    6.2. 撍慠偡傋偰摦偐側偔側偭偨帪
    6.3. 傕傜偭偨僶僀僫儕偑摦偐側偄帪
    6.4. 枩偑堦丄棊偪偨帪
    6.5. 埑弅僼傽僀儖偺庬暿偑傢偐傜側偄帪
    6.6. 僥僉僗僩偑惓偟偔昞帵偝傟側偄帪
    6.7. 儘僌僀儞偱偒側偔側偭偨帪
   
7. Linux 偱壗傪偡傞偺偐
   
    7.1. UNIX 偺曌嫮傪偟偨偄
    7.2. 暥復傪彂偒偨偄
    7.3. 僾儘僌儔儉傪彂偄偰傒偨偄
    7.4. 僎乕儉傪偟偨偄
    7.5. 巇帠偵巊偄偨偄
   
8. 偍傢傝偵
9. 嶲峫暥專
10. appendix
   
    10.1. 偙偺暥復偺栚揑
    10.2. 懳徾偵側傞恖
    10.3. 偙偺暥復偺埖偄
    10.4. 復棫偰
   
1. 偼偠傔偵

Linux 偼丄UNIX 僋儘乕儞偺 OS 偱偡丅Linux 偼丄僷乕僜僫儖丒僐儞僺儏乕僞傪
懳徾偲偟偨 OS 偱偁傝丄傑偢 IBM-PC 忋偵幚憰偝傟丄屻偵 FM-TOWNS 傊傕堏怉
偝傟傑偟偨丅偍偦傜偔丄偙傟傜偺儅僔儞傪強桳偡傞儐乕僓偼丄MS-DOS 傪庡椡偲
偟偰巊偄丄偦偺婡擻偵偮偄偰廗弉偟偰偄傞偙偲偲巚偄傑偡丅

Linux 偼丄姰慡側儅儖僠僞僗僋丄嫮椡側僙僉儏儕僥傿婡擻側偳丄MS-DOS 偱偼採
嫙偱偒側偄丄悢乆偺桪傟偨婡擻傪帩偭偰偄傑偡丅儐乕僓偼丄偙傟傜偺婡擻傪巊
偄偙側偡偨傔丄 Linux 摿桳偺抦幆偵偮偄偰妛廗偡傞昁梫偑偁傝傑偡丅偟偐偟丄
怱攝偼偄傝傑偣傫丅MS-DOS 偼丄奒憌僨傿儗僋僩儕傗僷僀僾側偳丄堦晹 UNIX 偺
婡擻傪庢傝崬傫偱偒偨宱堒偑偁傝傑偡丅廬偭偰丄MS-DOS 傪廫暘偵棟夝偟偰偄傞
恖偵偲偭偰丄Linux 偼偝傎偳擄偟偄傕偺偱偼側偄偱偟傚偆丅

杮峞偱偼丄MS-DOS 偲丄Linux 偲偄偆 UNIX 偲偺堘偄偵拝栚偟丄昁恵偲巚傢傟傞
抦幆偵偮偄偰夝愢偟偰偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2. 僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵

傑偢巒傔偵丄Linux 傪幚嵺偵僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵抦偭偰偍偔傋偒抦幆偵偮偄
偰愢柧偟傑偡丅尰嵼丄Linux 偺僀儞僗僩乕儖偼丄傛傝庤寉側曽岦傊恑傫偱偄傑
偡丅SLS Slackware 摍偺桪廏側僷僢働乕僕偺弌尰傗丄嶨帍婰帠偺廩幚丄崙撪奜
偺峷專幰偺搘椡偵傛偭偰丄弶怱幰傪庢傝姫偔娐嫬偼丄悘暘偲椙偔側偭偨偲巚偄
傑偡丅偟偐偟丄埶慠偲偟偰丄弶怱幰偑娮傝堈偄娫堘偄偲偄偆傕偺偼懚嵼偟傑偡
丅偙傟傜偼媄弍揑側栤戣偲偄偆傛傝傓偟傠丄怱峔偊傗巔惃偺栤戣偱偁傞偙偲偑
懡偄偺偱偡丅偙偙偱偼丄岞廜偺柺慜偱抪傪偐偐側偄偨傔偵丄嵟掅尷昁梫側抦幆
偵偮偄偰怗傟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.1. 僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵

僀儞僗僩乕儔偑恊愗偵側偭偰傕丄傗偼傝拲堄椡偼昁梫偱偡丅敾抐傪娫堘偊傟偽
丄嵟埆偺応崌丄MS-DOS 偑僀儞僗僩乕儖偝傟偰偄傞嬫夋 [1] 傪徚柵偝偣傞婋尟
惈傕偁傝傑偡丅擮偺偨傔丄僀儞僗僩乕儖慜偵 MS-DOS 偺嬫夋偺僶僢僋傾僢僾傪
偲偭偰偍偔偙偲傪偍姪傔偟傑偡丅傑偨丄嬫夋偺懳墳傪偟偭偐傝攃埇偟偰偍偒傑
偟傚偆丅

MS-DOS 忋偱丄嬫夋傪嶌惉偡傞偵偼丄fdisk [2] 偲偄偆僐儅儞僪傪梡偄傑偡丅
Linux 偱傕丄摨柤偺 fdisk 偲偄偆僐儅儞僪偑梡堄偝傟偰偄傑偡丅偙傟偼
MS-DOS 偺暔傛傝僔儞僾儖偱偡丅偟偐偟丄Linux 偺 fdisk 偼嬫夋傪嶌惉偟偨傝
徚偟偨傝偟偰傕丄'w' 偝偊墴偝側偗傟偽嬫夋忣曬偼彂偒崬傑傟傑偣傫偐傜丄偝
傎偳嫲傟傞昁梫偼偁傝傑偣傫丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.2. 夡偟偰偟傑偆慜偵

Linux 偺僔僗僥儉偑婲摦偟側偔側偭偨応崌丄僴乕僪僂僃傾偺屘忈偵偣傛丄偍偐
偟側憖嶌傪偟偨偵偣傛丄昁偢尨場偑偁傞偼偢偱偡丅偦偺尨場傪挷傋丄廋暅偡傞
偨傔丄嬞媫梡偺婲摦僼儘僢僺乕 [3] 傪嶌惉偟偰偍偔偙偲傪偍姪傔偟傑偡丅嬶懱
揑偵偼僀儞僗僩乕儖帪偵梡偄偨婲摦僼儘僢僺乕傪曐娗偟偰偍偔偩偗偱椙偄偺偱
偡丅側偵偐偁偭偨帪偼丄偙傟傪婲摦偟偰尨場傪媶柧偟傑偟傚偆丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.3. 暥嬪傪尵偆慜偵

傕偟丄MS-DOS 偵晄旛偑偁傞偺側傜丄偦傟傪 OEM 斕攧偟偰偄傞儊乕僇乕丄傕偟
偔偼MSKK [4] 偺愑擟偱偟傚偆丅傑偨丄儊乕僇乕偼丄儐乕僓僒億乕僩傪偡傞媊柋
偑偁傞偱偟傚偆丅偟偐偟丄Linux 偼攧傝暔偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丅揦摢偱攧傜傟偰偄
傞僷僢働乕僕偺抣抜偼丄Linux 帺懱偺抣抜偱偼側偄偺偱偡丅偦偙偵偼丄僒億乕
僩椏嬥側偳偼娷傑傟偰偄傑偣傫丅傑偨丄僱僢僩儚乕僋側偳偱僒億乕僩偟偰偄傞
傛偆偵尒偊傞恖払傕丄Linux 忋偵悢乆偺僜僼僩僂僃傾傪堏怉/惂嶌偟偰偄傞恖払
傕丄傎偲傫偳偡傋偰偑儃儔儞僥傿傾側偺偱偡丅偙偺揰偙偦偑丄Linux 偲 MS-DOS
偲偺丄杮幙揑側堘偄偱偟傚偆丅廬偭偰丄晄旛側揰傪尒偮偗偰傕暥嬪傪尵偆偺偱
偼側偔丄乽偙偙傪偙偆偟偨傜椙偔側傞傛乿乽偍偐偟偄偺偱捈偟偰傒傑偟偨乿偲
偄偆傛偆偵丄帺暘偺嶌嬈偺惉壥傪丄慡懱偵僼傿乕僪僶僢僋偡傞偙偲傪峫偊偰偔
偩偝偄丅惓偵 Linux 偼偙偆偟偰敪揥偟偰偒偨偺偱偡偐傜丅

偙偺嫤挷偺棟擮偑棟夝偱偒側偄偲偄偆恖偼丄Linux 傪巊梡偡傞傋偒偱偼偁傝傑
偣傫丅偙偺棟擮偼丄GNU 偲屇偽傟傞僾儘僕僃僋僩偵傕捠偠傑偡丅傕偟丄偙傟偐
傜傕丄攧傝暔偱偼側偄偗傟偳旕忢偵桪傟偨乣椺偊偽 Linux 偺傛偆側乣僜僼僩僂
僃傾傪巊偄懕偗偨偄側傜偽丄GNU 偺棟擮 [嶲峫暥專 1 ] 傪丄惓偟偔棟夝偡傞昁
梫偑偁傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

2.4. 幙栤傪偡傞慜偵

Linux 偱偼丄僒億乕僩偟偰偄傞恖払偼儃儔儞僥傿傾偱偡丅幙栤傪偡傞偵偟偰傕
偦偺慜偵僜僼僩僂僃傾偵晅懏偺愢柧彂傪撉傫偩傝丄壓挷傋傪偡傞偙偲偼丄嵟掅
尷昁梫側懺搙偱偟傚偆丅幚嵺丄BBS 忋偺揹巕宖帵斉側偳偵偐偐傟偰偄傞幙栤偱
丄傛偔尒傜傟傞偺偱偡偑丄乽巹偼塸岅偑嬯庤偱乿乽弶怱幰側傕偺偱乿乽帪娫偑
側偄傕偺偱乿偲偄偆尵梩傪丄偁偨偐傕柶嵾晞偺傛偆偵埖偆恖偑懡偄偺偱偡丅偩
偐傜懠恖偵側傫偲偐偟偰傕傜偍偆丄偲偄偆偺側傜偽丄偳傫側僴乕僪傪巊偄丄偳
傫側僜僼僩傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偟偰丄偳偆偄偭偨帋峴嶖岆傪峴偭偨偐丄彂偔帠偼儅
僫乕偱偡丅儃儔儞僥傿傾惛恄傕桳尷偱偁傞偙偲傪丄朰傟偰偼偄偗傑偣傫丅

Linux 偼丄UNIX 偵尷傝側偔嬤偄僔僗僥儉 [5] 偱偁傞偨傔丄Linux 傪曌嫮偡傞
偨傔偵偼丄堦斒偵敪峴偝傟偰偄傞丄UNIX 娭楢偺暥專 [嶲峫暥專 2, 3, 4] 傪梡
偄傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偱偟傚偆丅傑偨丄峷專幰偺庤偵傛傝丄Linux 娭學偺 FAQ [6]
側偳傕擔杮岅壔偝傟偰偄傑偡丅

僱僢僩儚乕僋偵嶲壛偱偒傞恖偼丄夁嫀偵摨偠傛偆側幙媈墳摎偑側偄偐丄僠僃僢
僋偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄桳梡側忣曬傪摼傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偱偟傚偆偦偆偟偨帋峴嶖
岆偺屻丄栤戣偑夝寛偟偨側傜偽丄偦偺忣曬傪丄僱僢僩儚乕僋偵娨尦偟偰偔偩偝
偄丅偙偆偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄傂偲傝偺嬯楯偼丄慡懱偺嫟桳嵿嶻偲側傝傑偡丅偒
偭偲丄偦傟傪撉傫偱彆偐傞恖傕偄傞偙偲偱偟傚偆偐傜丅慞堄偵偡偑偭偨恖偑丄
師偺扴偄庤偵側傜側偗傟偽丄慞堄傕屚妷偡傞 [7] 偺偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3. 婎杮梡岅

偙偙偱偼丄MS-DOS 偐傜僗儉乕僘偵 Linux 傊擖偭偰偄偔忋偱丄傑偢抦偭偰偍偐
側偔偰偼側傜側偄梡岅傗摦嶌偺堘偄傪丄椉幰傪懳斾偝偣側偑傜丄愢柧偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3.1. 僶僢僋僗儔僢僔儏偲僗儔僢僔儏

MS-DOS 偺僷僗偺嬫愗傝偼丄捠忢僶僢僋僗儔僢僔儏偱偡丅擔杮岅 MS-DOS 忋偱偼
丄僼僅儞僩偺娭學忋丄墌儅乕僋偱偁傞偙偲傕偁傝傑偡丅偟偐偟丄Linux 偱偼僗
儔僢僔儏偱偡丅椺偊偽 MS-DOS 偱尵偆偲偙傠偺丄\usr\bin\gcc 偼丄 /usr/bin/
gcc 偲側傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3.2. COMMAND.COM 偲僔僃儖

僔僃儖偲偼丄MS-DOS 偱偼 COMMAND.COM 偲屇偽傟傞傕偺偵憡摉偟傑偡丅偙傟偼
丄婲摦帪偵撉傒崬傑傟偰丄僔僗僥儉偵忢挀偟丄儐乕僓偵懳偟偰丄僐儅儞僪儔僀
儞傪採嫙偟偨傝丄僶僢僠側偳偺夝庍/幚峴偟偰偔傟傞傕偺偱偡丅MS-DOS 偱偍撻
愼傒偺 dir, cd, mkdir, type 側偳偺僐儅儞僪偼丄COMMAND.COM 帺恎偑帩偭偰
偄傞婡擻偺堦晹偱丄撪晹僐儅儞僪偲屇偽傟傑偡丅

Linux 偱偼丄婡擻偵墳偠偰丄暋悢偺僔僃儖傪慖傇偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅僔僃儖偼丄
婲摦帪偵撉傒崬傓丄撈帺偺愝掕僼傽僀儖傪帩偭偰偄傑偡丅偙偺僼傽僀儖偱丄娐
嫬曄悢偺愝掕傗丄僄僀儕傾僗 [8] 側偳偺愝掕傪峴偄傑偡丅

僔僃儖偼丄MS-DOS 偲摨條偵撪晹僐儅儞僪傪帩偪傑偡偑丄娷傑傟偰偄傞婡擻偼堎
側傝傑偡丅椺偊偽丄dir 僐儅儞僪偲傎傏摨摍偺栶妱傪帩偮 ls 僐儅儞僪偼丄僔
僃儖偵偼娷傑傟偢丄奜晹僐儅儞僪偲側偭偰偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3.3. 僶僢僠偲僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩

MS-DOS 偱偄偆僶僢僠偼丄戝曄曋棙側傕偺偱偡丅Linux 偱偼丄堦斒偵偙偆偄偭偨
摦嶌庤弴傪婰弎偡傞偨傔偺僥僉僗僩僼傽僀儖偺偙偲傪丄僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩偲尵
偄傑偡丅偦偺惂屼峔憿偼丄僶僢僠傛傝傕梱偐偵崅婡擻偱丄傂偲偮偺尵岅偲傕屇
傋傞傕偺偱偡丅UNIX 梡偲偟偰敪昞偝傟偰偄傞僣乕儖偵偼丄僀儞僗僩乕儔偲偟偰
丄僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩偑晅偄偰偔傞偙偲傕偁傝傑偡丅

僗僋儕僾僩偺彂幃側偳偼丄僔僃儖偺庬椶偵傛偭偰堘偄傑偡丅偟偐偟嵟嬤偺僷僢
働乕僕偱偼丄巒傔偐傜暋悢庬偺僔僃儖傪娷傫偱偄傞偺偱丄戝偟偨栤戣偵偼側傜
側偄偱偟傚偆丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3.4. AUTOEXEC.BAT 偲/etc/rc

MS-DOS 偺 AUTOEXEC.BAT 偼丄PATH 側偳偺娐嫬曄悢偺愝掕傗丄僾儘僌儔儉偺帺
摦幚峴側偳傪偡傞僶僢僠偱偡丅偙傟偼 Linux 偱偼丄/etc 偺壓偵偁傞 rc 僼傽
僀儖偵憡摉偟傑偡丅 rc 僼傽僀儖偼丄僴乕僪僨傿僗僋側偳偺奺庬憰抲傪巊偊傞
傛偆偵偟偨傝 [9]丄僾儘僌儔儉偺帺摦幚峴側偳傪峴側偄傑偡丅

僷僢働乕僕偵傛偭偰偼丄僨傿僗僋娗棟梡丄僱僢僩儚乕僋梡側偳丄rc 僼傽僀儖傪
梡搑暿偵暘偗偰丄/etc/rc.d 壓偵抲偄偰偁傞傕偺傕偁傝傑偡 [10] 丅嵟嬤偺僷
僢働乕僕偵偼愱梡偺僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩偑懚嵼偟丄僱僢僩儚乕僋娭學偺愝掕側偳
偼丄儐乕僓偑戝暆偵 rc 僼傽僀儖傪彂偒姺偊側偔偰傕椙偄傛偆偵岺晇偝傟偰偄
傑偡丅儐乕僓偼丄戝掞偺応崌丄擔杮岅娐嫬側偳偺僇僗僞儅僀僘偱丄rc.local 僼
傽僀儖傪彂偒姺偊傞掱搙偱偡丅

偦偺懠/etc 壓偵偼丄偄傠偄傠側愝掕僼傽僀儖偑偁傞偺偱丄UNIX 娭楢偺暥專 
[嶲峫暥專 5 ] 偱挷傋傞偙偲傪偍姪傔偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

3.5. CONFIG.SYS 偲僇乕僱儖嵞峔抸

MS-DOS 偱偼丄CONFIG.SYS 偲屇偽傟傞僥僉僗僩僼傽僀儖偵丄僨僶僀僗僪儔僀僶
柤傪婰弎偟偰偍偔偩偗偱丄庤寉偵 MS-DOS 傪婡擻奼挘偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅偟
偐偟丄 Linux 偵偍偄偰偼丄偙傟偵憡摉偡傞婡擻偼側偔丄 OS 偵怴偟偄僨僶僀僗
僪儔僀僶傪捛壛偟偨偄応崌偼丄僇乕僱儖 [11] 傪嵞峔抸偡傞昁梫偑偁傝傑偡丅
堦晹偺僷僢働乕僕偱偼丄摦揑偵僨僶僀僗僪儔僀僶傪晅偗偨傝奜偟偨傝偱偒傞傛
偆丄岺晇偟偨暔傕偁傞偺偱偡偑丄偁傑傝巊傢傟偰偄側偄傛偆偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

4. 巇條偺嵎堎

偙偙偱偼丄 MS-DOS 偲 Linux 偵偍偄偰丄栍揰偲側傞偱偁傠偆巇條偺嵎堎偵偮偄
偰愢柧偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

4.1. 僪儔僀僽柤偲僷僗柤

僪儔僀僽柤偲偼丄"A:" 偲偄偭偨傕偺偱偡丅椺偊偽丄僴乕僪僨傿僗僋偺 A: 僪儔
僀僽偺僼傽僀儖傪巜掕偡傞偵偼丄 A:\usr\bin\gcc 偲偟傑偟偨丅僪儔僀僽柤傪
徣棯偡傞偲 \usr\bin\gcc\ 偲偄偭偨憖嶌偼丄僇儗儞僩僪儔僀僽偵塭嬁偝傟傑偡
丅帺暘偼丄 A: 僪儔僀僽偺 \usr\bin\gcc 傪幚峴偟偨偮傕傝偱傕丄僇儗儞僩僪
儔僀僽偑 B: 偱丄B: 僪儔僀僽偵丄\usr\bin\gcc 偑偁傟偽丄偦傟偑幚峴偝傟偰
偟傑偄傑偡丅傑偨丄 B: 僪儔僀僽偑僇儗儞僩僪儔僀僽偺帪偵丄"cd A:\usr\bin"
傪幚峴偟偰傕丄 A: 僪儔僀僽偵堏摦偡傞偙偲偼偁傝傑偣傫丅

偮傑傝丄僪儔僀僽偛偲偵丄暋悢偺僇儗儞僩僨傿儗僋僩儕偑懚嵼偟偨傝丄摨柤偺
僷僗偑懚嵼偡傞偙偲偑偁傝偊傞偺偱偡丅暘偐偭偰偄傞恖偵偼側傫偱傕側偄偙偲
偱偡偑偢偄傇傫晄曋側巇條偱偼側偄偱偟傚偆偐丅

Linux 偱偼丄偡傋偰偺僼傽僀儖偼儖乕僩僨傿儗僋僩儕偵偮側偑偭偰偄傞偨傔丄
偁傞僷僗柤偼丄僔僗僥儉偵傂偲偮偟偐懚嵼偟傑偣傫丅傕偪傠傫丄Linux 傕
MS-DOS 偲摨偠傛偆偵暋悢偺憰抲偑埖偊傑偡偑丄僪儔僀僽柤傗僇儗儞僩僪儔僀僽
偲偄偆奣擮偼偁傝傑偣傫丅僇儗儞僩僨傿儗僋僩儕偼忢偵傂偲偮偩偗偱偡丅偙傟
傜傪幚尰偡傞偨傔偺巇妡偗偼丄儅僂儞僩偲屇偽傟傞憖嶌偵偁傝傑偡丅偙傟偼丄
屻偵徻偟偔愢柧偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

4.2. 婎杮僐儅儞僪

MS-DOS 偵偍偗傞庡側撪晹僐儅儞僪偲丄Linux 偺婎杮僐儅儞僪偲偺懳墳娭學偼丄
埲壓偺捠傝偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

Table 1. MS-DOS 偲 Linux 偺婎杮僐儅儞僪懳墳

劇劅劅劅劅劅劍劅劅劅劅劅劍劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
劆丂MS-DOS丂劆丂Linux丂 劆丂栶妱丂                                  劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂dir丂   劆丂ls -l丂 劆丂僨傿儗僋僩儕偺撪梕傪徻嵶忣曬偲嫟偵昗弨弌劆
劆          劆          劆椡傊                                      劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂dir /w丂劆丂ls丂    劆丂僨傿儗僋僩儕偺撪梕傪昗弨弌椡傊          劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂type丂  劆丂cat丂   劆丂僼傽僀儖偺撪梕傪昗弨弌椡傊              劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂cd丂    劆丂cd丂    劆丂巜掕偟偨僷僗傊僇儗儞僩僨傿儗僋僩儕傪堏摦劆
劆          劆          劆偡傞                                      劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂copy丂  劆丂cp丂    劆丂僼傽僀儖偺僐僺乕傪峴偆                  劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂ren丂   劆丂mv丂    劆丂僼傽僀儖柤傪曄峏偡傞                    劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂attrib丂劆丂chmod丂 劆丂僼傽僀儖懏惈傪曄峏偡傞                  劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂del丂   劆丂rm丂    劆丂僼傽僀儖偺嶍彍傪峴偆                    劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂md丂    劆丂mkdir丂 劆丂僨傿儗僋僩儕傪嶌惉偡傞                  劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂rd丂    劆丂rmdir丂 劆丂僨傿儗僋僩儕傪嶍彍偡傞                  劆
劋劅劅劅劅劅劏劅劅劅劅劅劏劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

MS-DOS 偱偼丄偙傟傜偺僒乕價僗偼 COMMAND.COM 偑採嫙偟偰偄傑偡偑丄Linux
偱偼丄cd 僐儅儞僪傪彍偒丄/bin 偺壓偺撈棫偟偨僾儘僌儔儉偑扴偭偰偄傑偡丅
傑偨丄婡擻揑偵偼戝暆偵堎側偭偰偄傑偡丅椺偊偽丄ls 僐儅儞僪偼僼傽僀儖懏惈
側偳偺徻嵶忣曬傕嶲徠偱偒傑偡偟丄mv 僐儅儞僪偼扨側傞儕僱乕儉偱偼側偔丄僼
傽僀儖/僨傿儗僋僩儕偺堏摦傕壜擻偱偡丅rm 僐儅儞僪偼丄僼傽僀儖偩偗偱側偔
丄僨傿儗僋僩儕偺嶍彍側偳傕峴側偊傑偡丅

偙偺拞偱丄摿偵拲堄偟側偗傟偽側傜側偄偺偼丄rm 僐儅儞僪偱偡丅MS-DOS 偺
del 僐儅儞僪偼丄"DEL*.*" 偲傗傞偲丄偄偭偨傫妋擣傪媮傔偰偒傑偡丅偟偐偟丄
戝奣偵偍偄偰 Linux 偺 rm 僐儅儞僪偼妋擣傪媮傔偢偵嶍彍偟偰偟傑偄傑偡丅傑
偨丄MS-DOS 偱偼丄徚偟偨僼傽僀儖偱傕丄undelete 僐儅儞僪 [12] 偵傛偭偰丄
塣偑椙偗傟偽暅妶偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡偑丄Linux 偱偼愨朷偩偲巚偭偰偔偩偝偄
丅戝掞丄僔僃儖偵偼僄僀儕傾僗偲屇偽傟傞婡擻偑偁傞偺偱丄偙傟傪梡偄偰 rm
僐儅儞僪偵妋擣傪媮傔傞僆僾僔儑儞傪晅壛偟偨傕偺傪丄僐儅儞僪偲偟偰搊榐偟
偰丄 rm 僐儅儞僪傪梡偄傞嵺偼丄昁偢妋擣偝偣傞偲尵偆帺塹庤抜傪庢傞昁梫偑
偁傝傑偡丅嬶懱揑偵偼丄僔僃儖偺弶婜壔僼傽僀儖偵丄

    alias rm='rm -i'                                                   

偲偄偆婰弎傪捛壛偟傑偡丅僄僀儕傾僗偲偼丄偙偺傛偆偵僐儅儞僪儔僀儞偵擖椡
偝傟偨暥帤楍傪夝庍偟丄巜掕偟偨暿偺暥帤楍偵曄姺偡傞婡擻偱偡丅忋婰偺傛偆
側巜掕傪偟偰偍偔偲丄椺偊偽丄"rm abc.txt" 偲擖椡偟偰傕丄" rm -i abc.txt"
偑幚峴偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偵側傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

4.3. 僼傽僀儖柤

MS-DOS 偱偼僼傽僀儖柤偵戝暥帤傕彫暥帤傕偁傝傑偣傫偑丄Linux 偱偼偙傟傜傪
偒偪傫偲嬫暿偟傑偡丅椺偊偽丄"Makefile" 偲丄" makefile" 偼暿屄偺僼傽僀儖
柤偲偟偰埖傢傟傑偡丅傑偨丄擔杮岅 MS-DOS 偱偼壜擻偩偭偨丄娍帤傗偐側傪梡
偄偨僼傽僀儖柤偼丄Linux 偱偼懚嵼偟傑偣傫丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

4.4. 儚僀儖僪僇乕僪

MS-DOS 偺 COMMAND.COM 偼丄儚僀儖僪僇乕僪偲屇偽傟傞忕挿惈傪帩偨偣偨僼傽
僀儖柤巜掕偑壜擻偱偟偨丅偦偺傂偲偮偱偁傞"*"偼丄"abc", " makefile" 側偳
偵儅僢僠儞僌偟偰傕丄"abc.txt" 偵偼儅僢僠儞僌偟傑偣傫丅偟偐偟丄Linux 偺
儚僀儖僪僇乕僪 "*" 偼丄僺儕僆僪傪娷傔偨偡傋偰偺僼傽僀儖柤偵儅僢僠儞僌偟
傑偡丅 rm 僐儅儞僪偲慻傒崌傢偣偰巊梡偡傞応崌偵偼丄拲堄偑昁梫偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5. 摿桳偺梡岅

僔儞僌儖儐乕僓丒僔儞僌儖僞僗僋偺 OS 偱偁傞 MS-DOS 偺奣擮偱偼愢柧偟偒傟
側偄丄Linux 摿桳偺梡岅偲奣擮 [13] 偵偮偄偰愢柧偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.1. 儘僌僀儞偲儘僌傾僂僩

儅儖僠儐乕僓 OS 偱偁傞 Linux 偱偼丄儐乕僓偺娗棟傪偟偭偐傝峴側偆昁梫偑偁
傝傑偡丅傑偢丄僔僗僥儉偵擖傞偨傔偵偼丄儘僌僀儞柤偲僷僗儚乕僪傪擖椡偟側
偔偰偼側傝傑偣傫丅偙偺儘僌僀儞柤偲僷僗儚乕僪偼丄/etc/passwd 僼傽僀儖撪
偵婰弎偝傟偰偄傞儐乕僓忣曬偵傛偭偰徠夛偝傟傑偡丅偙偺堦楢偺憖嶌傪儘僌僀
儞偲屇傃傑偡丅儘僌僀儞柤偼丄8 暥帤傑偱偺塸彫帤傪梡偄偰愝掕偟傑偡丅傑偨
丄堦扷儘僌僀儞偟偰偟傑偊偽丄僷僗儚乕僪偼丄 passwd 僐儅儞僪偱曄峏偡傞偙
偲偑壜擻偱偡丅僷僗儚乕僪偼丄塸帤傗堦晹偺婰崋傪梡偄傑偡丅僷僗儚乕僪偼埫
崋壔偝傟偰丄僔僗僥儉偵婰榐偝傟傑偡丅

傂偲捠傝巇帠傪廔偊偨傜丄exit 僐儅儞僪偱僔僗僥儉偐傜敳偗傑偡丅偙偺偙偲傪
儘僌傾僂僩偲屇傃傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.2. 儐乕僓儗儀儖

僔儞僌儖儐乕僓偺 OS 偱偁傞 MS-DOS 偱偼丄扤偑怗偭偰傕丄儅僔儞偵懳偟偰偁
傜備傞憖嶌偑嫋偝傟偰偄傑偟偨丅偟偐偟偙傟偱偼丄岆偭偰廳梫側僼傽僀儖偑徚
偝傟偨傝丄嫄戝側僼傽僀儖偱僨傿僗僋僗儁乕僗偑楺旓偝傟偨偲偟偰傕丄扤偺巇
嬈側偺偐傢偐傝傑偣傫丅埆堄偑側偔偲傕丄晄怱摼幰偑堦恖偄傞偩偗偱丄懠慡堳
偵丄恟戝側旐奞傪媦傏偡偙偲傕偁傝偊傑偡丅

Linux 偱偼儅儖僠儐乕僓偺僔僗僥儉偱偁傝丄儐乕僓傪戝偒偔 3 偮偺棫応偵暘偗
偰丄僼傽僀儖偵懳偡傞傾僋僙僗偵惂尷傪傕偆偗傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄埨慡惈傪崅傔
偰偄傑偡丅偙傟傜偺忣曬偼丄僼傽僀儖懏惈偲偟偰丄僼傽僀儖傂偲偮傂偲偮偵懚
嵼偟傑偡丅

 

僆乕僫乕
   
    偙傟偼丄僼傽僀儖傪嶌惉偟偨儐乕僓傪巜偟傑偡丅僼傽僀儖偺僆乕僫乕偑扤
    偱偁傞偐偲偄偆忣曬偼丄儐乕僓 ID 偲偟偰丄僼傽僀儖懏惈偵帺摦揑偵婰榐
    偝傟傑偡丅偮傑傝丄懏惈傪嶲徠偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄偦偺僼傽僀儖偺嶌惉幰
    傪抦傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅傑偨丄僆乕僫乕偑丄chown 僐儅儞僪傪偟傛偆偡傞
    偙偲偱丄僼傽僀儖懏惈偵彂偒崬傑傟偨儐乕僓 ID 傪暿偺儐乕僓偵尃尷傪堏
    娗偡傞偙偲傕偱偒傑偡丅
   
僌儖乕僾
   
    僌儖乕僾偲偼丄僼傽僀儖傾僋僙僗偺尃尷偺廤崌偺偙偲偱偡丅偙傟偼 /etc/
    group 僼傽僀儖撪偵婰弎偝傟偰偄傑偡丅奺僌儖乕僾偼丄偦傟偧傟屌桳偺僌
    儖乕僾 ID 傪梌偊傜傟偰偄傑偡丅僼傽僀儖偼丄偦傟偧傟僌儖乕僾 ID 傪懏
    惈偲偟偰帩偪丄偦偺僌儖乕僾偵懏偟偰偄傞儐乕僓偑傾僋僙僗偡傞偙偲傪嫋
    偟傑偡丅傑偨丄僆乕僫乕偑 chgrp 僐儅儞僪傪偟傛偆偡傞偙偲偱丄僼傽僀儖
    懏惈偵彂偒崬傑傟偨僌儖乕僾 ID傪曄峏偟偰丄暿偺僌儖乕僾偵尃尷傪堏娗偡
    傞偙偲傕偱偒傑偡丅
   
懠幰
   
    僼傽僀儖懏惈偵偍偄偰丄僆乕僫乕偱傕側偔丄僌儖乕僾偵傕懏偟偰偄側偄棫
    応偺恖払偼丄懠幰偲屇偽傟傑偡丅
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.3. 僗乕僷乕儐乕僓

Linux 偵偼丄儐乕僓儗儀儖偲偄偆棫応傪墇偊偨懚嵼偲偟偰丄僗乕僷乕儐乕僓 
[14] 偲屇偽傟傞恖偑懚嵼偟傑偡丅儐乕僓偺搊榐/嶍彍傗丄儘僌僀儞柤傗僷僗儚
乕僪側偳偺廳梫側忣曬偑婰弎偝傟偰偄傞 /etc 壓偺僼傽僀儖偺嶲徠/曇廤側偳丄
杮摉偵廳梫側晹暘偵偮偄偰偼丄偙偺恖偟偐偱偒側偄傛偆偵偟偰偍偒傑偡丅偙偆
偟偰偍偗偽僗乕僷乕儐乕僓帺恎偺僷僗儚乕僪偑塳傟側偄尷傝丄僔僗僥儉偺埨慡
惈偼曐偨傟傞傢偗偱偡丅

傑偨丄僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偑丄僼傽僀儖懏惈傪偟偭偐傝娗棟偟偰偍偔偙偲偱丄僔僗
僥儉偵廳梫側僼傽僀儖傪丄彑庤偵徚偝傟偰偟傑偭偨傝偲偄偭偨婋尟惈傪夞旔偡
傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅

僗乕僷乕儐乕僓埲奜偺儐乕僓傪丄堦斒儐乕僓 [15] 偲屇傃傑偡丅僷乕僜僫儖儐
乕僗偱傕丄僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偲堦斒儐乕僓傪巊偄暘偗傞偙偲偵偼丄儊儕僢僩偑偁
傝傑偡丅僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偼丄偁傜備傞僼傽僀儖傗僼傽僀儖懏惈傪帺桼偵曄峏壜
擻偱偁傞偑備偊偵丄晛抜偐傜僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偱儘僌僀儞偟偰偄傞偲丄憖嶌儈僗
偱僔僗僥儉傪攋夡偟偰偟傑偆偙偲傕峫偊傜傟傑偡丅偦偺偨傔丄晛抜偼丄堦斒儐
乕僓偲偟偰儘僌僀儞偟偰偍偄偰丄杮摉偵昁梫側応崌偺傒丄 su 僐儅儞僪偱僗乕
僷乕儐乕僓偵堏峴偡傞偲偄偆宍懺偑堦斒揑偱偡丅

儐乕僓偺忣曬偼 /etc/passwd 僼傽僀儖偵婰弎偝傟偰偄傑偡丅奺儐乕僓偑丄偳偺
傛偆偵娗棟偝傟偰偄傞偐傪愢柧偡傞偨傔丄偦偺彂幃偵娙扨偵怗傟傑偡丅

passwd 僼傽僀儖偼丄埲壓偺傛偆側峴偺孞傝曉偟偰峔惉偝傟偰偄傑偡丅

  user1:*:203:6:user:/home/user1:/bin/sh                               

偙傟偼丄嵍偐傜弴偵丄儘僌僀儞柤丄埫崋壔偝傟偨僷僗儚乕僪丄儐乕僓ID丄僌儖
乕僾 ID丄儐乕僓柤丄儂乕儉傊偺僷僗丄儘僌僀儞帪偵婲摦偝傟傞僔僃儖傊偺僷僗
丄傪帵偟偰偄傑偡丅":" 偼嬫愗傝暥帤偱偡丅

偙傟傜偺愝掕偼丄僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偺傒峴側偆偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅椺偊偽丄怴偨偵
儐乕僓傪庴偗擖傟傞応崌偼丄傑偢僗乕僷乕儐乕僓偑丄useradd 僐儅儞僪傪梡偄
偰 /etc/passwd 偵堦峴婰弎傪捛壛偟丄儐乕僓偺儘僌僀儞柤偲壖偺僷僗儚乕僪傪
愝掕偟傑偡丅偦偺屻丄儐乕僓偑儘僌僀儞偟偰丄岲傒偺僷僗儚乕僪偵曄峏偡傞偲
偄偆嶌嬈偑堦斒揑偱偡丅摿偵丄僱僢僩儚乕僋傪巊梡偡傞娐嫬偵偍偄偰偼丄帠屘
傪杊巭偡傞偨傔丄偙傟傜偺娗棟偼尩廳偵峴側傢傟傞昁梫偑偁傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.4. 儂乕儉

懡恖悢偱巊梡偡傞偙偲傪慜採偲偟偨応崌丄儐乕僓枅偵嶌嬈僗儁乕僗偑昁梫偲側
傝傑偡丅Linux 偱偼丄儂乕儉偲屇偽傟傞婲揰偲側傞僨傿儗僋僩儕傪掕傔丄儘僌
僀儞偡傞偲傑偢偦偙傊旘傇巇慻傒偵側偭偰偄傑偡丅儂乕儉偼丄usermod 僐儅儞
僪偱曄峏偱偒丄/etc/passwd 僼傽僀儖偵彂偒崬傑傟傑偡丅懠偺偳偺僨傿儗僋僩
儕偵偄偨偲偟偰傕丄"cd" 偲擖椡偡傞偙偲偱丄帺暘偺儂乕儉傊栠偭偰偔傞偙偲偑
偱偒傑偡丅

傑偨丄僔僃儖傪巒傔偲偡傞堦晹偺僾儘僌儔儉偼丄儂乕儉偵愝掕僼傽僀儖傪昁梫
偲偟傑偡丅偙傟傜偺愝掕僼傽僀儖偼丄戝掞丄僺儕僆僪偱巒傑傞僼傽僀儖柤傪帩
偭偰偄傑偡丅偙傟傜偼丄晛抜塀偝傟偰偍傝丄ls 僐儅儞僪偵丄 "-a" 僆僾僔儑儞
傪晅偗傞偙偲偱懚嵼傪妋擣偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.5. 僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋

偝偰丄嶌嬈嬻娫偑丄儂乕儉偲偟偰屌掕偝傟偰偟傑偆偲丄偳偺傛偆側栤戣偑婲偒
傞偱偟傚偆偐丅偙傫側椺傪峫偊偰傒傑偟傚偆丅

/usr/home/akaike 偲偄偆儂乕儉傪帩偭偨 akaike 偝傫偑丄嵟嬤昿斏偵嶌嬈傪峴
偆傛偆偵側偭偨応強偑丄/usr/spool/kenkyuusitu/ringi/kaikei 偩偲偟傑偡丅
偙傟偱偼丄岎屳偵堏摦偡傞偺傕偗偭偙偆戝曄偱偡丅偦傟偱偼丄akaike 偺壓偵
kaikei 偲偄偆僨傿儗僋僩儕傪嶌惉偟丄偦偺拞偵 /usr/spool/kenkyuusitu/
ringi/kaikei 壓偺慡僼傽僀儖傪僐僺乕偡傟偽丄"cd kaikei", " cd .." 偩偗偱
岎屳偵堏摦偱偒傑偡偹丅偱傕丄偦傟傜偺僼傽僀儖偼丄尋媶幒偺夛寁偵娭偡傞傕
偺偱丄懠偺恖傕尒偨傝彂偒壛偊偨傝偱偒傞傕偺偩偭偨偲偟偨傜丄偙傟偼栤戣偱
偡丅奆偱丄帺暘偺儂乕儉偵僐僺乕偟丄曇廤偟偨屻丄彂偒栠偦偆偲偟偨傜丄偳偆
側傞偱偟傚偆偐丅

偙偺栤戣傪彮偟偩偗娚榓偡傞婡擻偑丄僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋偱偡丅忋婰偺椺偱
偼丄儂乕儉偵僇儗儞僩僨傿儗僋僩儕偑偁傞帪丄埲壓偺僐儅儞僪傪幚峴偟傑偡丅

  ln -s /usr/spool/kenkyuusitu/ringi/kaikei .                          

偙偆偡傞偙偲偱丄偁偨偐傕儂乕儉偺壓偵 kaikei 偲偄偆僨傿儗僋僩儕偑僐僺乕
偝傟偨傛偆偵尒偊傑偡丅偙傟偼丄懠偺恖傕摨偠憖嶌傪偡傞偙偲偱丄摨偠偙偲偑
偱偒傑偡丅偨偩偺僐僺乕偲堘偆偺偼丄儂乕儉偵弌棃偨僨傿儗僋僩儕 kaikei 偼
丄/usr/spool/kenkyuusitu/ringi/kaikei 偲幚懱傪嫟桳偟偰偄傞偲偄偆偙偲偱
偡丅

偦傟偱偼丄"cd kaikei" 偱堏摦偟偰尒傑偟傚偆丅拞偵偼丄/usr/spool/
kenkyuusitu/ringi/kaikei 偺僼傽僀儖偑暲傫偱偄傞偼偢偱偡丅偙偙偱"cd .."
傪幚峴偡傞偲丄偳偙傊堏摦偡傞偺偱偟傚偆偐丅巆擮側偑傜丄/usr/home/akaike
偱偼側偔丄/usr/spool/kenkyuusitu/ringi 傊堏摦偟傑偡丅"cd" 偲幚峴偡傞偙
偲偱丄儂乕儉傊捈偵堏摦偱偒傑偡偺偱丄僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋偲暪梡偡傞偙偲
偱丄棧傟偨僨傿儗僋僩儕偺嶲徠偑妝偵側傞偲巚偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.6. 僷乕儈僢僔儑儞

MS-DOS 偺僼傽僀儖懏惈偱偼丄偣偄偤偄僼傽僀儖偺儕乕僪僆儞儕乕傪愝掕偟偨傝
塀偟偨傝偲偄偭偨偙偲偟偐偱偒傑偣傫偱偟偨偑丄 Linux 偱偼丄儐乕僓儗儀儖偵
墳偠偨嵶偐偄娗棟偑壜擻偱偡丅偙偺僼傽僀儖懏惈偼僷乕儈僢僔儑儞偲傕屇偽傟
傑偡丅

棤傪曉偣偽丄Linux 偼僷乕儈僢僔儑儞傪嵶偐偔娗棟偟側偗傟偽丄偄傠偄傠崲偭
偨帠偑婲偒傞壜擻惈傕偁傞傢偗偱偡丅僨傿儗僋僩儕偺撪梕偑尒傟側偐偭偨傝丄
僾儘僌儔儉偺懚嵼偡傞僨傿儗僋僩儕傪丄惓偟偔巜掕偟偰偄傞偺偵幚峴偱偒側偐
偭偨傝偡傞偺偼丄戝掞偙偺偨傔偱偡丅僷乕儈僢僔儑儞偼丄儐乕僓儗儀儖偵墳偠
偰丄埲壓偺傛偆側丄3 偮偺僼儔僌 [16] 傪帩偭偰偄傑偡丅

 

撉傒崬傒壜擻僼儔僌 (r)
   
    偙偺僼儔僌偑棫偭偰偄傞僼傽僀儖偼丄撉傓偙偲偑壜擻偲側傝傑偡丅傑偨丄
    僨傿儗僋僩儕偺応崌偼丄僨傿儗僋僩儕撪傪嶲徠偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側傝傑偡
    丅
   
彂偒崬傒壜擻僼儔僌 (w)
   
    偙偺僼儔僌偑棫偭偰偄傞僼傽僀儖偼丄偦偺撪梕傪峏怴偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側
    傝傑偡丅偟偐偟丄僼傽僀儖傪徚偣傞偲偄偆堄枴偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丅傑偨丄僨
    傿儗僋僩儕偺応崌偼丄偦偺僨傿儗僋僩儕撪偵怴偨偵僼傽僀儖傪搊榐偟偨傝
    丄婛偵偁傞僼傽僀儖傪徚偟偨傝偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側傝傑偡丅
   
幚峴壜擻僼儔僌 (x)
   
    偙偺僼儔僌偑棫偭偰偄傞僼傽僀儖偼丄幚峴偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偲側傝傑偡丅僥
    僉僗僩僼傽僀儖偺応崌偼丄僗僋儕僾僩偲敾抐偝傟丄僔僃儖偑偙傟傪夝庍偟
    偰幚峴偟傑偡丅傑偨丄僨傿儗僋僩儕偺応崌偼丄偦偺僨傿儗僋僩儕偵僇儗儞
    僩僨傿儗僋僩儕偑堏摦偡傞偙偲傪嫋偟傑偡丅
   
偙傟傜丄僷乕儈僢僔儑儞偺忬懺傪嶲徠偡傞偨傔偵偼丄ls 僐儅儞僪傪梡偄傑偡丅
"-l" 僆僾僔儑儞傪晅偗傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄埲壓偺傛偆側忣曬傪摼傞偙偲偑偱偒傑
偡丅

 

  -rw-r-----  1   akaike   akaike   4597 Nov 16 01:38 test.tex              
  drwxr-xr-x  3    root    users    4096 Feb 17 03:27 mute/                 
  lrwxrwxrwx  1    root    users      18 Jan 10 23:13 src -> /usr2/IV3.1/iv/

偙偺嵍抂偵偁傞 10 僶僀僩偑丄僷乕儈僢僔儑儞偺忬懺傪昞偟偰偄傑偡丅堦斣嵍
抂偺1 僶僀僩偼丄偦傟偑僼傽僀儖(-) 偱偁傞偐丄僨傿儗僋僩儕(d) 偱偁傞偐丄
僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋(l) 偱偁傞偐丄傪昞偟偰偄傑偡丅

偦偺師偐傜丄3 僶僀僩偑1 慻偲側偭偰丄僆乕僫乕, 僌儖乕僾, 懠幰偺僷乕儈僢
僔儑儞傪昞偟偰偄傑偡丅椺偊偽丄 "test.tex" 偺応崌偼丄乽僼傽僀儖偱偁傝乿
乽僆乕僫乕偼撉傒彂偒偑壜擻乿丄乽僌儖乕僾偐傜偼撉傓偙偲偑偱偒乿丄乽懠幰
偐傜偼丄偦偆偄偆僼傽僀儖偑偁傞偙偲偩偗偼傢偐傞偑丄撉傓偙偲傕曄峏偡傞偙
偲傕偱偒側偄乿丄偲偄偆偙偲傪堄枴偟傑偡丅偙傟傜偺丄僷乕儈僢僔儑儞傪惂屼
偡傞偵偼 chmod 僐儅儞僪傪梡偄傑偡丅

傑偨丄忋婰偺椺偵偍偄偰丄嵍偐傜3 斣栚偺丄"akaike", "root", "root"偲偄偭
偨柤慜偼丄僆乕僫乕柤(儐乕僓ID) 傪昞偟偰偄傑偡丅4 斣栚偺 "akaike",
"users" "users" 偲偄偭偨柤慜偼丄僌儖乕僾柤(僌儖乕僾ID) 傪昞偟偰偄傑偡丅
埲崀丄僼傽僀儖僒僀僘丄峏怴擔帪丄僼傽僀儖柤偲懕偒傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.7. 僾儘僙僗偲僕儑僽

MS-DOS 偱偼丄婎杮揑偵摨帪偵 2 偮埲忋偺僾儘僌儔儉偑丄摦偄偰偄傞偙偲偼偁
傝偊傑偣傫丅巕僾儘僙僗偼懚嵼偟傑偡偑丄巕偑婲摦偟偰偄傞帪偼丄恊偼昁偢掆
巭偟偰偄傑偡丅偟偐偟丄Linux 偼儅儖僠僞僗僋 OS 偱偡偐傜丄暋悢偺僾儘僌儔
儉傪僶僢僋僌儔儞僪 [17] 偱摦偐偟偨傝丄岲偒側帪偵僼僅傾僌儔儞僪 [18] 偵
愗懼偊偨傝偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅Linux 偼丄偦傟傜傪娗棟偡傞巇慻傒傪帩偭偰
偄傑偡丅

僔僗僥儉偐傜尒偨丄摦嶌偟偰偄傞僾儘僌儔儉偺幚峴扨埵傪丄僾儘僙僗偲屇傃傑
偡丅奺僾儘僙僗偼丄僔僗僥儉偵傛偭偰僾儘僙僗ID 傪妱傝摉偰傜傟丄摑堦揑偵娗
棟偝傟傑偡丅僾儘僙僗偼丄ps 僐儅儞僪傪巊梡偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄抦傞偙偲偑偱
偒傑偡丅傑偨丄kill 僐儅儞僪偵僾儘僙僗ID 傪巜掕偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄摦嶌拞
偺僾儘僙僗傪嫮惂揑偵廔椆偝偣傞偙偲傕偱偒傑偡丅

僾儘僙僗偼僔僗僥儉偐傜尒偨娗棟曽朄偱偡偑丄僔僃儖偵傛偭偰偼丄傛傝儐乕僓
偺帇揰偵嬤偄幚峴扨埵偲偟偰丄僕儑僽偲屇偽傟傞娗棟曽朄傪採嫙偟偰偄傞傕偺
偑偁傝傑偡丅奺僕儑僽偵偼丄僕儑僽斣崋偑妱傝摉偰傜傟丄摑堦揑偵娗棟偝傟傑
偡丅

尰嵼丄偳傫側僕儑僽偑偁傞偐偼丄 jobs 僐儅儞僪傪巊梡偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄抦
傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅僕儑僽偵偼丄摦嶌拞偱偁傞偐丄堦帪掆巭偟偰偄傞偐側偳偺
忬懺傪帩偭偰偄偰丄偙傟傜偼 fg, bg 僐儅儞僪偵僕儑僽斣崋傪梌偊傞偙偲偵傛
偭偰丄惂屼偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅jobs, fg, bg 側偳偼丄僔僃儖偺撪晹僐儅儞僪
偱偡丅

僾儘僌儔儉傪僶僢僋僌儔儞僪偱摦偐偡偵偼丄僐儅儞僪偺嵟屻偵 " &" 傪偮偗偰
丄幚峴偡傞偙偲偱峴側偄傑偡丅傑偨丄晛捠偵婲摦偟偨僾儘僌儔儉偱傕丄摦嶌拞
偵 CTRL-Z 傪擖椡偡傞偙偲偱丄堦帪掆巭偝偣傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅

偙偙偱偼丄椺偲偟偰丄僜乕僗儕僗僩偺廋惓偲僐儞僷僀儖傪摨帪偵峴側偆偙偲傪
峫偊傑偡丅尰嵼 jobs 偱摼傜傟偨寢壥偑埲壓偺傛偆偵側偭偰偄偨偲偟傑偡丅

  [1]  + Suspended            emacs -nw test.c                         
  [2]  - Suspended            gcc test.c                               

偙偙偱丄僐儅儞僪儔僀儞偐傜丄"bg %2" 傪幚峴偡傟偽丄僶僢僋僌儔儞僪偱僐儞
僷僀儔偱偁傞 gcc 偑幚峴偝傟偰偄偒傑偡丅偦偺帪偺 jobs 偺寢壥傪帵偟傑偡丅

  [1]  + Suspended            emacs -nw test.c                         
  [2]    Running              gcc test.c                               

偝傜偵丄"fg %1" 偲偡傞偲丄婲摦偟偰偍偄偨僥僉僗僩僄僨傿僞偱偁傞 emacs 偑
僼僅傾僌儔僂儞僪偵側傝丄儐乕僓偑憖嶌偱偒傞忬懺偵側傝傑偡丅摉慠丄test.c
傪曇廤偟側偑傜偱傕丄gcc 偼棤偱摦偄偰偄傑偡丅偟偐偟丄偙偙偱 test.c 偵廳
戝側儈僗偑尒偮偐偭偨偺偱丄gcc 傪巭傔傞偙偲偵偟傑偟偨丅emacs 偐傜丄
CTRL-Z 傪擖椡偟偰 emacs 傪堦帪掆巭偝偣丄僐儅儞僪儔僀儞偵栠偭偨屻丄"kill
%1" 偲偡傟偽丄

 

  [2]    Terminated           gcc test.c                               

偲昞帵偝傟偰丄幚峴偝傟偰偄偨 gcc 偑丄嫮惂廔椆偟傑偡丅屻偼丄偍傕傓傠偵 "
gcc test.c &" 偲幚峴偡傟偽丄怴偨偵 gcc 偑僶僢僋僌儔儞僪偱摦偒巒傔傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.8. 僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉

Linux 偱偼丄暋悢偺庬椶偺僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉傪帩偭偰偍傝丄儐乕僓偼昁梫偵墳
偠偰丄嶌惉偟巊梡偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅

 

MINIX 屳姺僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉
   
    偙傟偼丄MINIX 偲屇偽傟傞嫵堢岦偗OS 偲摨偠僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉傪嵦梡偟偰
    偄傑偡丅僼傽僀儖柤偼丄嵟戝14 僶僀僩晅偗傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅嬫夋僒僀僘
    偼 64MB 枹枮偱偡丅mkfs 僐儅儞僪偱嶌惉偝傟丄 fsck 僐儅儞僪偱専嵏/廋
    暅傪峴側偆偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅尰嵼偱偼晄曋側偺偱丄傎偲傫偳巊傢傟偰偄傑
    偣傫丅
   
MS-DOS 屳姺僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉
   
    MS-DOS 偱僼僅乕儅僢僩偝傟偨嬫夋傪丄偦偺傑傑撉傓偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅僼傽
    僀儖柤偺惂尷偼丄MS-DOS 傪偦偺傑傑堷偒宲偄偱偄傑偡丅偙偺嬫夋偺嶌惉偼
    MS-DOS 忋偱峴側偄傑偡丅
   
奼挘僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉
   
    僼傽僀儖柤傪 255 僶僀僩晅偗傞偙偲偑偱偒丄嬫夋偺僒僀僘傕 4TB 傑偱庢
    傞偙偲偑壜擻側僼傽僀儖僔僗僥儉偱偡丅ext2 fs 偲傕屇偽傟傑偡丅 mke2fs
    僐儅儞僪偱嶌惉偝傟丄e2fsck 僐儅儞僪偱専嵏/廋暅傪峴側偆偙偲偑偱偒傑
    偡 [19]丅
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.9. 摿庩僼傽僀儖

僔僗僥儉撪偵偼丄擖弌椡憰抲傪娗棟偡傞愱梡偺僨僶僀僗僪儔僀僶孮偑梡堄偝傟
偰偄傑偡丅偙傟傜僨僶僀僗僪儔僀僶偦傟偧傟偵丄摿庩僼傽僀儖偑僀儞僞僼僃乕
僗偲偟偰梌偊傜傟偰偄傑偡丅偙偺摿庩僼傽僀儖傪梡偄傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄偁偨偐
傕晛捠偺僼傽僀儖偵撉傒彂偒偡傞傛偆偵丄擖弌椡憰抲偵傾僋僙僗偡傞偙偲偑壜
擻偲側傝傑偡丅偙偺応崌偺擖弌椡憰抲偼丄僼儘僢僺乕僨傿僗僋僪儔僀僽傗丄僴
乕僪僨傿僗僋丄IC-CARD 僪儔僀僽丄 CD-ROM 僪儔僀僽側偳偺奜晹婰壇憰抲偺傒
側傜偢丄僾儕儞僞丄僐儞僜乕儖丄RS232C丄壥偰偼儊儌儕偝偊奩摉偟傑偡丅暘偐
傝偵偔偄愢柧偱偡偑丄乽儐乕僓偵尒偊傞宍偱丄憰抲偑娗棟偝傟偰偄傞乿偲巚偭
偰偔偩偝偄 [20]丅

偙傟傜偺摿庩僼傽僀儖偼丄Linux 偱偼 /dev 壓偵奿擺偝傟偰偄傑偡丅椺偊偽丄"
/dev/fd0","/dev/lp0" 側偳偱偡丅僴乕僪僨傿僗僋側偳偺婎杮揑側憰抲偵懳墳偡
傞摿庩僼傽僀儖偼丄僀儞僗僩乕儖帪偵帺摦嶌惉偝傟傑偡丅屻偐傜丄僇乕僱儖偵
僨僶僀僗僪儔僀僶傪捛壛偟偨応崌側偳偼丄儐乕僓偑 mknod 僐儅儞僪傪梡偄偰丄
摿庩僼傽僀儖傪嶌惉偡傞偙偲傕偁傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.10. 儅僂儞僩

僼儘僢僺乕僨傿僗僋僪儔僀僽傗丄僴乕僪僨傿僗僋僪儔僀僽側偳偺婰壇憰抲偼丄
摿庩僼傽僀儖偵妱傝摉偰傜傟偰偄傑偡丅偦傟偱偼丄偙傟傜傪埖偆偵偼丄偳偆偟
偨傜椙偄偺偱偟傚偆偐丅偦傟偵偼丄儅僂儞僩偲屇偽傟傞憖嶌傪丄峴偆昁梫偑偁
傝傑偡丅偙偙偱偼丄僼儘僢僺乕僨傿僗僋傪椺偵偲偭偰愢柧偟傑偡丅

MS-DOS 偱偼丄僼儘僢僺乕傪嵎偟偨帪揰偱偼壗傕峴偄傑偣傫丅偲傝偁偊偢撉傒偵
偄偭偰丄懯栚偩偭偨傜丄MS-DOS 偑"僪儔僀僽偺弨旛偑偱偒偰偄傑偣傫."偲偄偆
偍撻愼傒偺僄儔乕傪揻偒弌偟傑偡丅峫偊偰傒傞偲丄旕忢偵傾僶僂僩側峔憿偱偡
丅 Linux 偱偼丄偒偪傫偲偦偺憰抲偑巊梡壜擻偳偆偐丄巒傔偵僠僃僢僋偟側偔偰
偼丄傾僋僙僗偑嫋偝傟側偄峔憿偵側偭偰偄傑偡丅偦偺偨傔偺憖嶌傪丄儅僂儞僩
偲屇傃傑偡丅儅僂儞僩偵偼丄mount 僐儅儞僪傪巊梡偟傑偡丅

MS-DOS 偱偼丄婲摦帪偵憰抲傪専嶕偟偰丄帺摦揑偵僪儔僀僽柤傪妱傝怳傝傑偡丅
偟偐偟丄Linux 偱偼丄僪儔僀僽柤偲偄偆奣擮偑偁傝傑偣傫丅mount 僐儅儞僪偼
丄巜掕偟偨摿庩僼傽僀儖偺巜偡婰壇憰抲偺儖乕僩僨傿儗僋僩儕傪丄摿掕偺僨傿
儗僋僩儕柤偵抲偒姺偊丄偦偙偐傜傾僋僙僗偱偒傞傛偆偵偟傑偡丅摦嶌偲偟偰偼
MS-DOS 偺 join 僐儅儞僪偵帡偰偄傑偡丅旕忢偵棎朶側昞尰偱偡偑丄摿庩僼傽僀
儖帺恎偑僪儔僀僽柤偺傛偆側傕偺偱丄偦傟傪揔帪僨傿儗僋僩儕偵寢傃偮偗偰偟
傛偆偡傞偲偄偆偙偲偵側傝傑偡丅

椺偊偽丄A: 僪儔僀僽偵偁傞 MS-DOS 僼僅乕儅僢僩偺僼儘僢僺乕偵傾僋僙僗偡傞
偨傔偵丄/mnt 傪妱傝摉偰傞偲偡傞偲丄

  mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt                                         

偲丄側傝傑偡丅偙偺応崌偺僨傿儗僋僩儕偺懳墳娭學偼埲壓偺傛偆偵側傝傑偡丅

 
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

Table 2. 僨傿儗僋僩儕偺懳墳娭學

劇劅劅劅劅劅劍劅劅劅劅劅劅劉
劆丂MS-DOS丂劆丂Linux丂   劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂A:丂    劆丂/mnt丂    劆
劌劅劅劅劅劅劑劅劅劅劅劅劅劎
劆丂A:\doc丂劆丂/mnt/doc丂劆
劋劅劅劅劅劅劏劅劅劅劅劅劅劊
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

妱傝摉偰傜傟偨 /mnt 壓偵尦乆偁偭偨僼傽僀儖偼丄傾僋僙僗偱偒側偔側傝傑偡
偺偱丄捠忢偼嬻偺僨傿儗僋僩儕傪妱傝摉偰傑偡丅

儅僂儞僩偺斀懳偺憖嶌傪丄傾儞儅僂儞僩偲屇傃傑偡丅僼儘僢僺乕傪岎姺偟偨偄
偲偒側偳偼丄堦搙丄umount 僐儅儞僪傪幚峴偟偰丄僔僗僥儉偐傜偦偺僼儘僢僺乕
傪僔僗僥儉偐傜愗傝棧偟丄僼儘僢僺乕傪擖傟姺偊偨屻丄嵞搙儅僂儞僩傪峴偆昁
梫偑偁傝傑偡丅堦墳埨慡懳嶔傕巤偝傟偰偄傑偡偑丄傓傗傒偵僼儘僢僺乕傪嵎偟
懼偊偨傝偟偰偄傞偲丄偟偽偟偽慜偵憓擖偟偰偄偨僼儘僢僺乕僨傿僗僋偺撪梕偑
曄峏偝傟側偐偭偨傝丄屻偐傜憓擖偟偨僼儘僢僺乕僨傿僗僋偺撪梕偑攋夡偝傟偰
偟傑偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

5.11. 嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕

傕偟丄暋悢偺幚峴僼傽僀儖偐傜丄嫟捠偵巊梡偱偒傞晹暘偩偗傪敳偒弌偟偰傑偲
傔偰抲偄偰偍偄偨傜丄僨傿僗僋僗儁乕僗偑愡栺偱偒傞偲偼巚偄傑偣傫偐丅偙偺
婡擻傪幚尰偡傞偺偑丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕 [21] 偲偄偆傕偺偱偡丅偙偺嫟桳儔僀僽
儔儕傪梡偄偰丄僐儞僷僀儖偝傟偨幚峴僼傽僀儖偼丄婲摦偡傞嵺偵嫟桳儔僀僽儔
儕傪帺椡偱撉傒崬傫偱丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕偵擖偭偰偄傞婡擻傪巊梡偟側偑傜摦嶌
偟傑偡丅廬偭偰丄僨傿僗僋偺掕傔傜傟偨応強偵丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕偑側偗傟偽丄
偦偺僾儘僌儔儉偼帺暘偵昁梫側婡擻傪巊梡偱偒側偄偨傔丄摦偔偙偲偑偱偒傑偣
傫丅捠忢偼 /lib 壓偵嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕傪擖傟偰偍偒傑偡丅

嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕傪巊梡偟側偄幚峴僼傽僀儖偵偼丄梊傔幚峴偡傞偨傔偵昁梫側偡
傋偰偺婡擻傪娷傫偱偄傑偡丅嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕傪巊梡偟偨傕偺傛傝丄僒僀僘偼戝
偒偔側傝傑偡偑丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕偺懚嵼傪婥偵偡傞偙偲側偔丄幚峴偡傞偙偲偑
壜擻偱偡丅

偮傑傝丄偳偪傜偺曽幃偵傕堦挿堦抁偑偁傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6. 塣梡忋偺僲僂僴僂

Linux 傪塣梡偟偰偄偔忋偱丄拲堄偡傋偒偙偲丄摢偵棷傔偰偍偄偰傎偟偄偙偲偵
偮偄偰丄娙扨偵愢柧偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.1. 偁傞偼偢偺僼傽僀儖偑側偄帪

Linux 偱偼丄撍慠揹尮傪愗偭偨傝丄儕僙僢僩傪偐偗偰偼偄偗傑偣傫丅側偤側傜
丄偡偱偵僨傿僗僋偵彂偒崬傫偩傛偆偵傒偊偰偄傞僼傽僀儖偱傕丄幚偼傑偩儊儌
儕忋偵懚嵼偟偰偄偰丄偪傖傫偲彂偒崬傑傟偰偄側偄偙偲偑偁傞偐傜偱偡 [22]丅
偙傟傪偒偪傫偲僨傿僗僋偵斀塮偡傞 sync 偲偄偆僐儅儞僪偑偁傝傑偡丅傑偨丄
Linux 傪廔椆偡傞応崌偼丄惓婯偺僔儍僢僩僟僂儞庤弴傪庣傝傑偟傚偆丅

側偤丄偙傫側巇慻傒偵側偭偰偄傞偺偐丄晛捠偵 MS-DOS 傪巊偭偰偄偨恖偵偼暘
偐傝擄偄偐傕偟傟傑偣傫偑丄扨偵惈擻傪忋偘傞偨傔偩偲巚偭偰偔偩偝偄丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.2. 撍慠偡傋偰摦偐側偔側偭偨帪

偁傜備傞婎杮僐儅儞僪偑撍慠摦偐側偔側偭偰偟傑偭偨応崌偵偼丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔
儕偺栤戣傪巚偄晜偐傋偨曽偑椙偄偱偟傚偆丅Linux 偱偼丄僔僗僥儉偵娭偡傞僾
儘僌儔儉傕嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕傪巊梡偟偰偄傑偡丅偮傑傝丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕偑側偔
側偭偨弖娫偐傜丄傕偆惓忢偵摦偐側偔側偭偰偟傑偆偺偱偡丅捠忢丄嫟桳儔僀僽
儔儕偼 /lib 偵僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋傪挘傞偙偲偱丄嶲徠偝傟偰偄傑偡丅嬌抂
側椺偱偡偑丄"mv /lib /lib2" 側偳偲傗偭偰偟傑偭偨応崌偼丄崱傑偱挘偭偰偁
偭偨僔儞儃儕僢僋儕儞僋偑愗傟偰偟傑偄傑偡丅偙傟偼丄怴偨偵挘傝捈偝側偄尷
傝丄儕僙僢僩偐偗偰傕尦偺忬懺偵偼栠傜偢丄怴偨偵儘僌僀儞偡傜偱偒側偔側偭
偰偟傑偄傑偡丅偙偆偄偭偨忬懺偵側偭偨応崌偼丄婲摦僼儘僢僺乕傪梡偄偰丄夡
傟偨嬫夋傪儅僂儞僩偟偨屻丄儕儞僋傪廋暅偡傞昁梫偑偁傝傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.3. 傕傜偭偨僶僀僫儕偑摦偐側偄帪

僶僀僫儕偱攝晅偡傞偲偄偆宍懺偼丄MS-DOS 偱偼堦斒揑偱偁傝丄偲偰傕曋棙偱偡
偑丄Linux 偱偼偦偆偲傕尵偄愗傟側偄柺傕偁傝傑偡丅嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕偺栤戣偑
偁傞偐傜偱偡丅Linux 偱偼丄偙偺儔僀僽儔儕偺僶乕僕儑儞偑堦抳偟偰偄側偄偲
丄偦偺僾儘僌儔儉偼幚峴偱偒傑偣傫丅偙傟傪杊偖偵偼丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕傪梡偄
偢偵僾儘僌儔儉傪僐儞僷僀儖偡傞曽朄偑偁傝傑偡偑丄嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕巊梡偺傕
偺偲斾傋傞偲丄旕忢偵僒僀僘偑戝偒偔側傝傑偡丅偙傟傪丄僱僢僩儚乕僋側偳偱
傗傝偲傝偡傞偺偼丄尰幚揑偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丅廬偭偰丄昿斏偵僶乕僕儑儞傾僢僾
偑峴傢傟偰偄傞僜僼僩僂僃傾偵偮偄偰偼丄僜乕僗傪庤偵擖傟偰丄帺慜偱僐儞僷
僀儖偟偨曽偑椙偄偱偟傚偆丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.4. 枩偑堦丄棊偪偨帪

Linux 偼彜梡偺 OS 偲斾傋偰傕懟怓側偄傎偳婃忎偱偁傝丄埨掕偟偰偄傑偡丅偟
偐偟丄嬌乆婬偵僔僗僥儉偺僶僌側偳偱丄姰慡偵僴儞僌傾僢僾偟偰偟傑偡偙偲偑
偁傝傑偡丅偦偆偄偭偨帪偼丄偳偆偟偨傜椙偄偺偱偟傚偆偐丅晛捠偼丄 5 暘掱搙
懸偭偰丄僨傿僗僋偵傾僋僙僗偟偨偺傪妋擣偟偰偐傜丄儕僙僢僩傪偟傑偡丅崱傑
偱丄埖偭偰偄偨僼傽僀儖偺埨慡偑曐徹偝傟傞偲偼尵偄愗傟傑偣傫偑丄偐側傝偺
妋棪偱彆偐傞偼偢偱偡丅偙偺婡峔偼丄Linux 偱偼婲摦帪偵 update 偲偄偆僐儅
儞僪傪忢挀偝偣傞偙偲偱幚尰偟偰偄傑偡丅偙傟偼丄堦掕帪娫枅偵丄sync 傪帺摦
幚峴偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.5. 埑弅僼傽僀儖偺庬暿偑傢偐傜側偄帪

埑弅僼傽僀儖偲尵偆偲丄MS-DOS 偱偼 LHa 傗 PKZIP 偑堦斒揑偱偼側偄偱偟傚偆
偐丅Linux 偱偼丄UNIX-LHa 媦傃丄GNU zip偲偟偰懚嵼偟傑偡丅偙傟傜偼丄崅埑
弅棪傪屩傝丄MS-DOS 偲偺恊榓惈傕崅偄偨傔丄嵟嬤巊傢傟巒傔偰偄傑偡偑丄
UNIX 偺悽奅偱傛傝堦斒揑側偺偼丄tar + compress 偲偄偆宍幃偱偡丅尦棃傾乕
僇僀僶偲偄偆屇徧偼丄僼傽僀儖傪傑偲傔偰彂屔偲偟偰娗棟偡傞偲偙傠偐傜棃偰
偍傝丄埑弅偲偄偆堄枴偲偼暿傕偺偱偡丅偙偺傑偲傔偰彂屔偵偡傞晹暘傪tar 偑
丄埑弅/揥奐傪丄compress/uncompress 偑巌偭偰偄傑偡丅 tar + compress 宍幃
偺堦斒揑側奼挘巕偼丄".tar.Z"偱偡丅" zcat abc.tar.Z 乥tar xvf -" 偲偡傞
偙偲偱揥奐偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅嵟嬤偱偼 GNU tar 偑埑弅僼傽僀儖偵懳墳偟偰
偄傞偨傔丄"tar xvzf abc.tar.Z" 偱傕揥奐偡傞偙偲偑壜擻偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.6. 僥僉僗僩偑惓偟偔昞帵偝傟側偄帪

MS-DOS 偐傜帩偭偰偒偨暥復偑丄攋夡偝傟偰偄傞傛偆偵尒偊偰傕丄偦偆棊抇偡傞
偙偲偼偁傝傑偣傫丅偍偦傜偔偦傟偼丄幚嵺偵暥復偑攋夡偝傟偰偄傞偺偱偼側偔
丄暥帤僐乕僪偺栤戣偱偟傚偆丅 MS-DOS 忋偱偼丄 Shift-JIS 偲屇偽傟傞娍帤僐
乕僪偑堦斒揑偱偡丅偟偐偟丄Linux 傪巒傔偲偡傞 UNIX 偺悽奅偱偼丄JIS 傕偟
偔偼 EUC (ExtendedUNIX Code) 偲屇偽傟傞娍帤僐乕僪偑堦斒揑偱偁傞偨傔丄偙
偺傛偆側尰徾偑婲偒傑偡丅偮傑傝昞帵偱偒側偄偩偗側偺偱丄nkf 側偳偺儐乕僥
傿儕僥傿傪梡偄偰丄娍帤僐乕僪傪曄姺偡傟偽椙偄偺偱偡丅

傑偨丄僔僗僥儉偺僐儞僜乕儖偼娍帤昞帵壜擻偵側偭偰偄傞昁梫偑偁傝傑偡 [23]
丅偙傟傜偺愝掕偑崌偭偰偄傞偺偵丄摿掕偺峴偑壔偗偨傛偆側徢忬偵側傞応崌偼
丄偦偺峴偵敿妏僇僫偑懚嵼偟偰偄傞偙偲偑峫偊傜傟傑偡丅Linux 偱偼敿妏僇僫
偼埖偊傑偣傫偺偱丄拲堄偑昁梫偱偡丅傑偨丄偦傟傪巊傢側偄偺偑丄埫栙偺儖乕
儖偲側偭偰偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

6.7. 儘僌僀儞偱偒側偔側偭偨帪

傑偢丄儐乕僓偺愝掕偑娫堘偭偰偄傞偙偲偑懡偄偺偱偡丅偙傟偼 /etc/passwd 僼
傽僀儖傪丄僄僨傿僞側偳偱捈愙彂偒姺偊偰偄傞偲婲偙傝傗偡偄偺偱偡丅儐乕僓
娗棟梡偲偟偰丄useradd, usermod 僐儅儞僪摍偑偁傝傑偡偐傜丄偱偒傞偩偗偙傟
傪巊偭偰愝掕傪曄峏偟傑偟傚偆丅傗傓傪摼偢丄捈愙彂偒姺偊傞応崌偵偼丄僔僃
儖丄儂乕儉僨傿儗僋僩儕偺愝掕側偳偵拲堄傪偟傑偟傚偆丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7. Linux 偱壗傪偡傞偺偐

偙偙偱偼丄曗懌偲偟偰丄傛傝幚慔揑側偄偔偮偐偺栤戣偵偮偄偰怗傟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7.1. UNIX 偺曌嫮傪偟偨偄

偙傟偼偦偺傕偺僘僶儕丄偆偭偰偮偗偺梡搑偩偲巚偄傑偡丅妛峑傗夛幮偱儚乕僋
僗僥乕僔儑儞傪巊偭偰偄傞恖偱傕丄僔僗僥儉娗棟幰偱偁傞恖偼彮側偄偲巚偄傑
偡丅昗弨揑側僷僢働乕僕傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞偩偗偱丄朙晉側僐儅儞僪孮偑懙偄
丄偄傠偄傠側偙偲傪帋偡偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅嵟埆僔僗僥儉傪夡偟偰偟傑偭偰傕嵞
僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傟偽椙偄偺偱偡偐傜妝側傕偺偱偡丅

僔僗僥儉娗棟偺曌嫮傪偟偨偄恖偵偺拞偼丄乽Linux 偼 SystemV 偱偡偐 BSD 偱
偡偐?乿偲偄偆幙栤傪偡傞恖偑偄傑偡丅幚偼丄偦偺摎偊偼乽偳偪傜偱傕側偄乿偺
偱偡丅偦傟偼丄偳偪傜偵傕帡偰偄側偄偲偄偆堄枴偱偼側偔丄Linux 偼椉曽偺椙
偄偲偙傠傪岲偒側傛偆偵嵦傝擖傟偰堢偭偰偒偨 OS 偩偐傜偱偡丅

僔僗僥儉娗棟柺偱偼丄傎偲傫偳 BSD 偦偺傕偺偵側偭偰偄傑偡丅偟偐偟僨傿儗僋
僩儕峔惉側偳偼僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞僷僢働乕僕偺庬暿偵傛偭偰丄BSD 晽偵側偭偨
傝丄SystemV 晽偵側偭偨傝偟傑偡丅僾儘僌儔儉傪慻傓恖偼摨堄偝傟傞偲巚偄傑
偡偑丄妱傝崬傒帪偺僔僗僥儉僐乕儖偺怳晳偼 SystemV 晽偱偡丅拞搑敿抂偲姶偠
傞偐傕偟傟傑偣傫偑丄偩偐傜偙偦丄Linux 偱曌嫮偡傞偙偲偼丄寛偟偰柍懯偵偼
側傜側偄偲巚偄傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7.2. 暥復傪彂偒偨偄

MS-DOS 偱桳柤側 Vz, MIFES 側偳偺僥僉僗僩僄僨傿僞偼丄 Linux 偵偼懚嵼偟傑
偣傫丅Linux 傪晛捠偵僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞偲丄/usr/bin 壓偵 vi 偲屇偽傟傞僥僉
僗僩僄僨傿僞偑僀儞僗僩乕儖偝傟傑偡丅emacs, Nemacs,mule, joe 側偳偺丄暿
偺僥僉僗僩僄僨傿僞傪擖庤偟偰僀儞僗僩乕儖偟側偄尷傝丄僥僉僗僩偺曇廤偼偙
傟傪梡偄偰峴側偆昁梫偑偁傝傑偡丅

崱偺偲偙傠丄儚乕僪丒僾儘僙僢僒偵憡摉偡傞僜僼僩僂僃傾偼偁傝傑偣傫偑丄暥
復張棟僔僗僥儉偱偁傞 TeX 傪巊梡偡傞偙偲傕偱偒傑偡丅偦偺弌椡傪尦偵丄
dviout, GhostScript 側偳傪梡偄傞偙偲偱丄暥復傪旤偟偔昞帵/報嶞偡傞偙偲偑
偱偒傞偱偟傚偆丅TeX 偼 MS-DOS 偱傕摦偒傑偡偑丄廃曈偺儐乕僥傿儕僥傿孮偲
偺楢學傪峫偊傞偲丄Linux 忋偱摦偐偡儊儕僢僩偑偁傝傑偡丅傑偨丄Linux 偼僨
傿僗僋傾僋僙僗偑懍偄偨傔偐丄慡懱揑偵 MS-DOS 斉傛傝傕懍偔姶偠傑偡丅

X-Window System 娭楢偺僷僢働乕僕傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偟偰偄傟偽丄TGif+, idraw
側偳偺僪儘乕僀儞僌僣乕儖傪巊梡偡傞偙偲傕偱偒傑偡丅 TeX 偱彂偐傟偨暥復偵
丄偪傚偭偲偟偨恾傪嵎偟崬傓偙偲傕壜擻偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7.3. 僾儘僌儔儉傪彂偄偰傒偨偄

僾儘僌儔儈儞僌傪偙傟偐傜巒傔傛偆丄偲偄偆恖偺拞偵偼丄MS-DOS 偑堦斣僾儘僌
儔儈儞僌偑娙扨偩偲巚偄崬傫偱偄傞恖傕偄傞偐傕偟傟傑偣傫丅MS-DOS 偼扨弮側
峔憿偺 OS 偱偡偑丄僾儘僌儔儈儞僌傑偱扨弮偲偄偆栿偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丅 MS-DOS
忋偺僐儞僷僀儔偱奐敪傪峴側偆恖偼丄傎偲傫偳椺奜側偔僴儞僌傾僢僾偲偄偆尰
徾偵尒晳傢傟偨偙偲偑偁傞偼偢偱偡丅戝掞偙偆側傞偲丄儐乕僓偼丄儕僙僢僩傪
偡傞懠偼側偔丄傗傓側偔嵞婲摦偡傞夋柺傪挱傔傞塇栚偵側傝傑偡丅偟偐偟丄
Linux 偼嫮椡側儊儌儕曐岇傪採嫙偟偰偍傝丄儐乕僓偑偍偐偟側僾儘僌儔儉傪嶌
偭偰幚峴偝偣偰傕丄僔僗僥儉慡懱偑僟僂儞偟偰偟傑偆傛偆側偙偲偼丄傑偢偁傝
偊側偄偺偱偡丅

傑偨丄MS-DOS 偑採嫙壜擻側儊儌儕偼彮側偔丄戝婯柾側僾儘僌儔儉傪摦偐偡偨傔
偵偼丄僾儘僌儔儅偵抦幆偲媄弍椡偑梫媮偝傟傑偡丅偟偐偟丄 Linux 偼峀戝側儊
儌儕嬻娫偲丄壖憐婰壇 [24] 傕採嫙偟偰偄傑偡丅儐乕僓偼丄奐敪拞丄帺暘偺僾
儘僌儔儉偑偳偺偔傜偄儊儌儕傪徚旓偡傞偺偐丄堄幆偟側偔偰傕丄偲傝偁偊偢摦
嶌偡傞傕偺偑嶌傟傑偡丅傑偨丄MS-DOS 偺僐儞僷僀儔偵懚嵼偡傞丄儊儌儕儌僨儖
偲偄偭偨丄柺搢側惂栺傕偁傝傑偣傫丅

偙偺傛偆偵丄條乆側惂尷偑娚偄暘偩偗丄MS-DOS 傛傝Linux 偺曽偑弶怱幰岦偗偲
尵偊傞柺傕懡偄偺偱偡丅

偦偺娐嫬傕廩幚偟偰偄傑偡丅Linux 偼丄昗弨偺奐敪娐嫬偲偟偰丄 gcc 傪梡偄傑
偡丅gcc 傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傟偽丄奺庬儐乕僥傿儕僥傿傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偟偨傝丄
Linux 僇乕僱儖偺嵞峔抸傕壜擻偲側傝傑偡丅僨僶僢僇偲偟偰偼僜乕僗儗儀儖偺
僨僶僢僌偑壜擻側丄gdb 偑巊梡偱偒傑偡丅X-Window System 忋偱傕丄 Tck/Tk
傗丄InterViews 側偳偺懡庬懡條側僣乕儖僉僢僩傪巊梡偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅

尵岅偼 C/C++ 埲奜偵丄Basic, Lisp, SmallTalk 偲偄偭偨傕偺偑巊梡偱偒傑偡
偟丄FORTRAN, Pascal 側偳偼丄f2c 媦傃p2c 偲偄偆儐乕僥傿儕僥傿偱丄C偺僾儘
僌儔儉偵曄姺偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅偦偟偰摿昅偡傋偒偼丄Linux 偺僷僢働乕僕
偵偼丄偙傟傜朙晉側儐乕僥傿儕僥傿孮偑婛偵娷傑傟偰偍傝丄娙扨偵僀儞僗僩乕
儖偱偒傞偲偄偆偙偲偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7.4. 僎乕儉傪偟偨偄

偙偺暘栰偼丄UNIX 娐嫬傛傝傕 MS-DOS 偺曽偑僷儚僼儖偱暆傕峀偄偲巚偄傑偡丅
巇帠傗曌嫮偺崌娫偵偱偒傞丄僥僩儕僗側偳偺僷僘儖宯偺僎乕儉偼妱偲朙晉偱偡
偑丄傾僋僔儑儞傗僔儏乕僥傿儞僌偲側傞偲悢偼彮側偄偱偡偟丄MS-DOS 偱傕摨條
偺僎乕儉偑偁傞偺偱丄偙偺偨傔偵 Linux 傪僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞昁慠惈偼側偄偱偟
傚偆丅偟偐偟 NetHack 傪巒傔偲偟偨儘乕儖僾儗僀儞僌僎乕儉偼丄 Linux 偱傗
傞壙抣偑偁傝傑偡丅儅儖僠僞僗僋偺摿怓傪惗偐偟偰丄儊儌傪偲偭偨傝丄揹巕帿
彂傪嶕偒側偑傜丄擄夝偱嫄戝側僎乕儉傪丄峌棯偡傞偙偲偑偱偒傞偐傜偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

7.5. 巇帠偵巊偄偨偄

丂壥偨偟偰丄MS-DOS 偱 TCP/IP 偺僱僢僩儚乕僋偵愙懕偟丄抂枛憖嶌傗僼傽僀儖
揮憲側偳傪峴偆偺偵丄偄偔傜偐偐傞偱偟傚偆偐丅偦傟偼僱僢僩儚乕僋偵愙懕偡
傞儅僔儞偺戜悢暘偩偗丄儔僀僙儞僗傪庴偗偹偽側傝傑偣傫丅UNIX 娐嫬壓偱尒偰
傕丄IBM-PC + Linux 偺曽偑丄壓庤側儚乕僋僗僥乕僔儑儞傛傝惈擻偑椙偄偙偲傕
丄偟偽偟偽偱偡丅僐僗僩揑偵傒偰丄Linux 偵偼戝偒側儊儕僢僩偑偁傝傑偡丅

丂偟偐偟丄傂偲偮朰傟偰偼偄偗側偄偙偲偼丄Linux 偼柍曐徹偱偁傞偲偄偆偙偲
偱偡丅僀儞僗僩乕儖偟偨儅僔儞偱埨掕偟偰摦偔偐偳偆偐丄側偳偼扤傕曐徹偟偰
偔傟側偄偺偱偡丅偮傑傝丄埨偔偁偑偭偨暘偺僐僗僩偼丄乽儐乕僓偺楯椡乿偵曄
壔偟偨偲峫偊傞偺偑丄懨摉偱偟傚偆丅偙傟傪寉尭偡傞偨傔偵丄 Linux 偺僐儈儏
僯僥傿偑丄偄偐偵廳梫偱偁傞偐丄棟夝偝傟傞偲巚偄傑偡丅憡屳晑彆偺惛恄側偟
偱偼丄傗偭偰偄偗側偄偺偱偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

8. 偍傢傝偵

Linux 偺攚宨偲側偭偰偄傞 UNIX 偼丄峀戝偱堦庬儅僯傾僢僋側嬻婥偑偲傝傑偔
悽奅[嶲峫暥專 7]偱偡丅杮峞偱愢柧偝傟偰偄傞偙偲偼旕忢偵彮側偔丄Linux 傪
娗棟偟偰偄偔忋偱偼晄廫暘偱偡丅帺暘偵偁偭偨暥專傪慖傃丄堦搙捠撉偡傞偙偲
傪偍姪傔偟傑偡丅

偟偐偟丄Linux 偺娗棟曽朄傪廗摼偡傞偙偲偼扨側傞擖岥偵夁偓傑偣傫丅偙傟傪
傂偲偮偺僗僥僢僾偲偟偰丄Linux 偺攚宨偵峀偑傞 UNIX 偺悽奅傪懚暘偵妝偟傑
傟傞偙偲傪婓朷偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

9. 嶲峫暥專

 

 1. Think GNU, 價儗僢僕丒僙儞僞乕
   
 2. UNIX 婎杮憖嶌偐傜幚慔妶梡傑偱, 孾妛弌斉
   
 3. 偨偺偟偄 UNIX, 傾僗僉亅弌斉嬊
   
 4. Unix 僾儘僌儔儈儞僌娐嫬, 傾僗僉乕弌斉嬊
   
 5. UNIX 僔僗僥儉娗棟擖栧, SOFT BANK
   
 6. UNIX SYSTEM V 儐乕僓丒儕僼傽儗儞僗丒儅僯儏傾儖, 嫟棫弌斉
   
 7. Life with UNIX, 傾僗僉亅弌斉嬊
   
 

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

10. appendix

    JF 傛傝: 偙偺暥彂嶌惉偺宱堒偑彂偐傟偨埲壓偺婰弎偼丄傕偲傕偲暿暥彂偲
    側偭偰偄傑偟偨偑丄曋媂忋丄偙偙偵廂榐偟傑偟偨丅(y.senda)
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

10.1. 偙偺暥復偺栚揑

 1. UNIX 慡斒偵捠偠傞婎杮揑側抦幆偵偮偄偰傑偲傔傞
   
 2. 懠偺 FAQ 廤傗丄Linux 忣曬儊儌摍傪巊梡偡傞慜抜奒偺忣曬傪丄徯夘偡傞
   
 3. 嵟嬤偙偺悽奅偵棃偨恖偑娮傝堈偄懺搙偲偁傞傋偒巔偵偮偄偰尵媦偡傞
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

10.2. 懳徾偵側傞恖

MS-DOS 埲忋 UNIX 枹枮偺恖
   
    丂乽僼傽僀儖偲偼乿偲偄偆儗儀儖偐傜巒傔傞偺偼丄暘検揑偵傕柍棟傪姶偠
    偨偺偱丄MS-DOS 傪偁傞掱搙巊偭偰抦偭偰偄傞恖傪懳徾偵偟偰偄傑偡丅偙傟
    撉傫偱丄忣曬儊儌偲丄HOWTO 暔傪撉傔偽丄偁傑傝愝掕偱崲傞偙偲偼側偄偱
    偟傚偆丅尰偵巹偼崲偭偰傑偣傫偐傜( 愢摼椡偑側偄偐傕 :-) )丅
   
楃媀傪傢偒傑偊側偄恖
   
    丂側傫偩偐巗斕昳偲姩堘偄偟偰偄傞偺偐丄尦偐傜偦偆偄偆惈奿側偺偐偼暘
    偐傝傑偣傫偑丄嵟嬤晉偵丄乽挷傋傕偣偢偵幙栤偟偰丄夝寛偟偨傜傎側偝偄
    側傜乿偲偄偆恖偑懡偔側偭偰偄傞偲姶偠傑偡丅
   
    丂偨偩偁傑傝丄偦偺恖払傪愑傔傞偙偲偼偱偒側偔偰丄偦偺攚宨偵偼嶨帍偺
    塭嬁偑偁傞偲巚偄傑偡丅僷僢働乕僕傪晅榐偵晅偗偰巊偄曽偼婰帠偵偡傞偗
    偳丄埖偄曽傗媊柋丒儕僗僋摍偼(偍傕偟傠偔側偄偺偱)婰帠偵偟側偄偲偄偆
    巔惃偑丄偙偆偄偆恖払傪憹傗偡堦場偵側偭偰偄傞偲巚偄傑偡丅偟偐傕偦偺
    僷僢働乕僕偑崜偄晄姰慡昳偩偭偨傝偟偰庤偑晅偗傜傟傑偣傫 ;-<
   
    偦傟偱丄偲傝偁偊偢帺暘偺偱偒傞偙偲偲偟偰丄偙偆偄偆暥復傪彂偄偰傒傑
    偟偨丅巹傒偨偄側弶怱幰偩偭偰偱偒傞偙偲偼偁傞傫偩僝 :=)偲偄偆堄枴偁
    偄傕娷傫偱偄傑偡丅
   
楃媀傪傢偒傑偊側偄恖偵崲偭偰偄傞恖
   
    丂夛媍幒側偳偱專恎揑側僒億乕僩傪偝傟偰偄傞曽乆偵偼丄摢偑壓偑傞巚偄
    偱偡丅巹偼懡偔偺恖偵丄偙偆偄偆曽乆偵偆傫偞傝偝傟偨弖娫偵丄廔傢傝偩
    偲偄偆偙偲傪帺妎偟偰傕傜偄偨偄偺偱偡丅偩偐傜丄僒億乕僩偵旀傟偨帪偼
    乽偙傟撉傔乿偲杮峞傪巜偟偰偄偨偩偗傟偽岾偄偱偡 :-) 栶偵偨偨側偄偐傕
    偟傟傑偣傫偑丄尰忬偺巹偺幚椡偱偼丄偙傟偑惛堦攖側偺偱嫋偟偰偔偩偝偄
    ;-<
   
劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

10.3. 偙偺暥復偺埖偄

丂幚偼丄巹偑 UNIX 偲偄偆暔傪傛偔抦傜側偄偺偱(側傜彂偔側丄偲偼尵傢側偄
偱) 撪梕揑偵偼抰愘嬌傑傝側偄偲巚偄傑偡丅偦傟偱傕丄偙傫側暥復偑栶棫偮偺
偱偟偨傜丄揔摉偵偳偙偱傕揮嵹偟偰偔偩偝偄丅埑弅宍幃丄暥帤僐乕僪摍偼曄峏
偟偰傕偐傑偄傑偣傫丅撪梕傪曄峏傕偳傫偳傫傗偭偪傖偭偰偔偩偝偄丅偨偩偟丄
偦偺帪偼丄巹偺柤慜偼徚偟偰偔偩偝偄偹 :-)

丂屻丄抜棊惍宍傪庤偱傗偭偰偄傞偺偱丄偄傠偄傠曄側偲偙傠偑偁傞偺偱偡偑丄
堦墳撉傔傞偲巚偆偺偱丄嫋偟偰偔偩偝偄丅岆帤丒扙帤丒撪梕娫堘偄摍偼丄儊乕
儖偱偍婅偄偟傑偡丅

劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒劒 

10.4. 復棫偰

    偼偠傔偵

1   僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵
1.1  僀儞僗僩乕儖偡傞慜偵
1.2  夡偟偰偟傑偆慜偵
1.3  暥嬪傪尵偆慜偵
1.4  幙栤傪偡傞慜偵

2   婎杮梡岅
2.1  僶僢僋僗儔僢僔儏偲僗儔僢僔儏
2.2  COMMAND.COM 偲僔僃儖
2.3  僶僢僠偲僔僃儖僗僋儕僾僩
2.4  AUTOEXEC.BAT 偲 /etc/rc
2.5  CONFIG.SYS 偲僇乕僱儖嵞峔抸

3   巇條偺嵎堎
3.1  僪儔僀僽柤偲僷僗柤
3.2  婎杮僐儅儞僪
3.3  僼傽僀儖柤
3.4  儚僀儖僪僇乕僪

4   摿桳偺梡岅
4.1  儘僌僀儞偲儘僌傾僂僩
4.2  儐乕僓儗儀儖
4.3  僗乕僷乕儐乕僓
4.4  儂乕儉
4.5  僔儞儃儕僢僋丒儕儞僋
4.6  僷乕儈僢僔儑儞
4.7  僾儘僙僗偲僕儑僽
4.9  摿庩僼傽僀儖
4.10  儅僂儞僩
4.11  嫟桳儔僀僽儔儕

5   塣梡忋偺僲僂僴僂
5.1  偁傞偼偢偺僼傽僀儖偑側偄帪
5.2  撍慠偡傋偰摦偐側偔側偭偨帪
5.3  傕傜偭偨僶僀僫儕偑摦偐側偄帪
5.4  枩偑堦丄棊偪偨帪
5.5  埑弅僼傽僀儖偺庬暿偑傢偐傜側偄帪
5.6  僥僉僗僩偑惓偟偔昞帵偝傟側偄帪
5.7  儘僌僀儞偱偒側偔側偭偨帪

6   Linux 偱壗傪偡傞偺偐
6.1  UNIX 偺曌嫮傪偟偨偄
6.2  暥復傪彂偒偨偄
6.3  僾儘僌儔儉傪彂偄偰傒偨偄
6.4  僎乕儉傪偟偨偄
6.5  巇帠偵巊偄偨偄

    偍傢傝偵

(SGML conversion: yuji senda)

Notes

[1]  僷乕僥傿僔儑儞偲傕屇偽傟丄傂偲偮偺僴乕僪僨傿僗僋傪暋悢偺椞堟偵嬫愗
     偭偨傕偺傪巜偟傑偡丅                                              
                                                                       
[2]  IBM-PC 偺応崌偼 fdisk, TOWNS 偺応崌偼 TOWNS-MENU 偺嬫夋愝掕偱峴偄 
     傑偡丅                                                            
                                                                       
[3]  僽乕僩僼儘僢僺乕偲傕屇偽傟傑偡丅                                  
                                                                       
[4]  懎柤丄擔杮儅僀僋儘僜僼僩偺偙偲偱偡丅                              
                                                                       
[5]  UNIX 杮壠偺 AT&T 偺僐乕僪傪慡偔娷傑側偄偨傔丄儐乕僓偼丄柺搢側惂栺 
     [嶲峫暥專 1 ]偐傜摝傟傞偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅                           
                                                                       
[6]  Frequently Asked Question. 昿斏偵弌傞幙栤偲摎偊傪傑偲傔偨暔偱偡丅 
                                                                       
[7]  Linux 偲偦偺娐嫬傪惙傝棫偰偨偄偲偄偆惛恄偑丄儃儔儞僥傿傾妶摦偵寢傃
     晅偄偰偄傞偲峫偊傟偽丄偙傟偼偁偨傝傑偊偲尵偊傞偱偟傚偆丅          
                                                                       
[8]  alias. 暿柤婡擻偲傕屇偽傟傑偡丅                                   
                                                                       
[9]  偙偺憖嶌偺偙偲傪儅僂儞僩(mount)偲屇傃傑偡丅                       
                                                                       
[10] 偙傟偼丄UNIX 偵偼丄戝偒偔暘偗偰2 宯楍懚嵼偟丄偦傟偧傟娗棟宍懺偑堎 
     側傞偙偲偵婲場偟傑偡丅                                            
                                                                       
[11] kernel. 僔僗僥儉偺拞妀傪惉偡僾儘僌儔儉偩偲巚偭偰偔偩偝偄丅        
                                                                       
[12] MS-DOS5.0 偐傜偼昗弨憰旛偝傟偰偄傑偡丅                            
                                                                       
[13] Linux 摿桳偲偄偆傛傝丄UNIX 偺悽奅偱偼丄堦斒揑偱丄婎慴揑側帠崁偱偡 
     丅                                                                
                                                                       
[14] 堦斒偵丄儖乕僩, 僔僗僥儉娗棟幰側偳偲傕屇偽傟傑偡丅                
                                                                       
[15] 扨偵儐乕僓丄偁傞偄偼堦斒棙梡幰偲傕屇偽傟傑偡丅                    
                                                                       
[16] 婙偑丄棫偭偰偄傞偐丄棫偭偰偄側偄偐偲偄偆傛偆側丄2 抣忣曬傪堄枴偟傑
     偡丅                                                              
                                                                       
[17] 棤偱彑庤偵摦偄偰偄傞忬懺傪巜偟傑偡丅                              
                                                                       
[18] 儐乕僓偑懳榖揑偵憖嶌偟偰偄傞忬懺傪巜偟傑偡丅                      
                                                                       
[19] 屆偄斉偱偼丄mkefs,efsck 偲偄偆柤慜偱偁傞偙偲偑偁傝傑偡丅          
                                                                       
[20] MS-DOS 傪傛偔抦偭偰偄傞恖側傜偽丄con, aux 側偳傪巚偄晜偐傋偨偙偲偲
     巚偄傑偡丅                                                        
                                                                       
[21] 僔僃傾乕僪儔僀僽儔儕偲傕屇傃傑偡丅                                
                                                                       
[22] 堦斒偵僉儍僢僔儏偲屇偽傟偰偄傞婡擻偱偡丅MS-DOS 偱偼 smartdrv 偲偄 
     偆僐儅儞僪偑偙偺栶妱傪壥偨偟傑偡丅                                
                                                                       
[23] TOWNS Linux 偺僐儞僜乕儖偼丄僉乕儃乕僪偐傜娍帤僐乕僪偺愗懼偊偑壜擻
     偱偡丅傑偨丄IBM-PC Linux 偱偼丄 KON 偲屇偽傟傞僜僼僩僂僃傾傪僔僗僥
     儉偵慻傒崬傓偙偲偱丄娍帤昞帵偑壜擻偲側傝傑偡丅                    
                                                                       
[24] 幚嵺偵愊傫偱偄傞儊儌儕傛傝傕戝偒偄僾儘僌儔儉傪丄摦嶌偝偣傞偨傔偺巇
     妡偗偺偙偲偱偡丅                                                  

